Ch.4

Question 1

Mental structures that organize information and regulate the Brain

Answer 1

Scheme

Question 2

Taking in information that is compatible with already known information

Answer 2

Assimiliation

Question 3

Changing existing knowledge based on new knowledge

Answer 3

Accommodation

Question 4

Process that when disequilibrium occurs, children reorganize their schemes to return to a state of equilibrium

Answer 4

Equilibration

Question 5

Piaget’s first stage of cognitive development that lasts from birth to 2 years

Answer 5

Sensorimotor period

Question 6

The understanding acquired in infancy that objects exist independently

Answer 6

Object permanence

Question 7

Belief that having difficulty in seeing the world from another’s perspective is a typical characteristic of children in the pre-operational period

Answer 7

Egocentrism

Question 8

Narrowly focused type of thought characteristic of per-operational children

Answer 8

Centration

Question 9

Theory that infants are born with rudimentary knowledge which is explained based on experiences

Answer 9

Core knowledge hypothesis

Question 10

Mental and neural structures that are built in that allow the mind to operate

Answer 10

Mental hardware

Question 11

Mental programs that are the basis for performing certain tasks

Answer 11

Mental software

Question 12

Processes that determine which information is processed further

Answer 12

Attention

Question 13

Response where individual views an unfamiliar stimulus and changes heart rate and brain wave activity occurrence

Answer 13

Orienting response

Question 14

Becoming unresponsive to a repeating stimulus

Answer 14

Habituation

Question 15

Type of learning that includes pairing a neutral stimulus and a response originally produced by another stimulus

Answer 15

Classical conditioning

Question 16

Type of learning where reward and punishment determine whether the behavior will continue

Answer 16

Operant conditioning

Question 17

Memories of significant events and experiences in one’s life

Answer 17

Autobiographical memory

Question 18

Counting principle that’s there must be one and only one number name for each object counted

Answer 18

One-to-one principle

Question 19

Counting principle that number names must always be counted in the same order

Answer 19

Stable-order principle

Question 20

Counting principle in which the last number name denotes the number of objects being counted

Answer 20

Cardinality principle

Question 21

Difference between what children can do with assistance and what they can do alone

Answer 21

Zone of proximal development

Question 22

Style that teachers gauge the amount of assistance they offer to match the learners’s needs

Answer 22

Scaffolding

Question 23

A child’s comments that are not intended for others, but are designed instead to help regulate their behavior

Answer 23

Private speech

Question 24

Unique sounds used to create words, making them a building block of a language

Answer 24

Phonemes

Question 25

Slow speech that adults use for infants with exaggerated pitch and volume to aid language acquisition

Answer 25

Infant-directed speech

Question 26

Early vowel-like sounds that babies make

Answer 26

Cooing

Question 27

Speech-like sounds that have vowel-consonant combinations, common at 6 months

Answer 27

Babbling

Question 28

Child's connections to words that are made quickly that he/she cannot understand all the possible meanings of the word

Answer 28

Fast mapping

Question 29

When children define words more narrowly than adults

Answer 29

Underextension

Question 30

When children define words more broadly than adults

Answer 30

Overextension

Question 31

The ability to hold information in the short-term memory for processing and using for the long term

Answer 31

Phonological memory

Question 32

Language-learning style of children that have a vocabulary dominated by names of objects, people, and actions

Answer 32

Referential style

Question 33

Language-learning style of children that have a vocabulary with many social phrases that are used like one word

Answer 33

Expressive style

Question 34

Speech used by children that contains one word necessary to understand a message

Answer 34

Telegraphic speech

Question 35

Words or endings of words that make a grammatical sentence

Answer 35

Grammatical morphemes

Question 36

Grammatical usage that results from applying rules to words that are exceptions to the rules

Answer 36

Overregulation