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Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE > Ch.27 Reproductive system > Flashcards

Ch.27 Reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the male accessory reproductive organs?

A

Ducts, glands, and external genitalia

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2
Q

What are the male accessory sex glands?

A

Seminal glands, prostate, and bulbo-urethral glands

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3
Q

The ______ is a sac of skin and superficial fascia. It is __ ‘C lower than core body temperature. The lower temperature is necessary for sperm production

A

scrotum; 3 degrees C

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4
Q

Septa divides testis into _____ lobules, each containing one to four seminiferous tubules

A

250

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5
Q

Which part of the testes is the site of sperm production?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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6
Q

The upper part of the internal scrotum contains the ______ of the epididymis and the bottom portion contains the _____ of the epididymis

A

Head; tail

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7
Q

Sperm is conveyed from the seminiferous tubules to straight tubule, and from there goes to the ____ ____, then to the ____ ____, and ends up in the epididymis

A

rete testis, efferent ductules

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8
Q

Testicular cancer is most common in which age range?

A

15-35

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9
Q

Being _____, which is when your testes don’t drop, is the most common risk factor when considering testicular cancer

A

cryptorchid

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10
Q

Ducts carry sperm to the epididymis, and it is then sent up through the ____ _____, through the ejaculatory duct, and then dow and out the ________

A

ductus deferens; urethra

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11
Q

The ______ glands produce viscous alkaline seminal fluid. It contains fructose, citric acid, and prostaglandins. The yellow pigment fluoresces with UV light. It comprises 70% of semen

A

Seminal glands

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12
Q

The duct of the ______ gland joins the ductus deferent to form ejaculatory duct

A

seminal

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13
Q

The ______ is the size of a peach pit. Encircles the urethra inferior to the bladder. Consists of smooth muscle that contracts during ejaculation

A

Prostate

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14
Q

The ______ secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid. Contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Plays a role in sperm activation. Enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation. Makes up 1/3 of semen volume

A

Prostate

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15
Q

______ cancer is treated with surgery and sometimes radiation, castration, and drugs.

A

Prostate

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16
Q

What treatment is done for prostate cancer in clinical trials?

A

Cryosurgery, chemotherapy, and ultrasound

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17
Q

Which glands produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal? It neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra

A

Bulbo-urethral glands

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18
Q

_____ is the milky-white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

A

Semen

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19
Q

How much semen is ejaculated? How much sperm does it contain?

A

2-5ml. 20-150million sperm per ml

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20
Q

______ contains fructose for ATP production, protects and activates sperm, and facilitates sperm movement. Alkaline fluid neutralizes acidity of male urethra and female vagina, and enhances motility

A

Semen

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21
Q

________ contains prostaglandins that decrease the viscosity of mucus in the cervix and stimulates reverse peristalsis in uterus.

A

Semen

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22
Q

______ contains the hormone relaxin and other enzymes that enhance sperm motility

A

Semen

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23
Q

_______ contains ATP for energy

A

Semen

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24
Q

_________ is the production of sperm in the seminiferous tubules

A

Spermatogenesis

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25
Q

Sperm is also called _______

A

spermatozoa

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26
Q

Most body cells have 46 chromosomes. One maternal, one paternal. This is called ______ ______. It is referred to as the diploid chromosomal number (2n)

A

homologous chromosomes

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27
Q

______ have only 23 chromosomes. They are called _____ _______ number (n)

A

Gametes. Haploid chromosomal number

28
Q

What happens in Meiosis I, Prophase I?

A

The homologous chromosomes pair up, forming tetrads consisting of four chromatids

29
Q

What happens during metaphase I? What happens after that during anaphase I?

A

tetrads line up randomly at spindle equator, and then, (anaphase) sister chromatids of one homologous chromosome are separated from sister chromatids of other

30
Q

What is the result at the end of meiosis I?

A

Each daughter cell has two copies of one member of each homologous pair, and none of the other.

31
Q

Meiosis I accomplishes which two important tasks?

A
  1. Reduces chromosomal number by half

2. Introduces gene variability

32
Q

“production of female gametes that take up to years to complete.”

A

Oognesis

33
Q

“(2n Ovarian stem cells) multiply by mitosis and store nutrients.”

A

Oogonia

34
Q

“develops into primordial follicles that become surrounded by follicle cells.”

A

Primary oocyte

35
Q

“earliest stage of development for a follicle.”

A

Primordial follicle

36
Q

“the follicle selected to release an egg.”

A

Dominant follicle

37
Q

“pigmented skin that surrounds around the nipple.”

A

Areola

38
Q

“Vesicular follicle growth (days 1-4).”

A

Follicular phase

39
Q

“period of corpus luteum activity (days 14-28).”

A

Luteal phase

40
Q

“Cyclic series of changes in endometrium that occur in response to
fluctuating ovarian hormone levels.”

A

Uterine cycle

41
Q

What is the most common STI?

A

Chlamydia

42
Q

What percentage of females have a 28 day ovarian cycle?

A

10-15%

43
Q

What are two effects of estrogen on the metabolism?

A

Increase Ca+2 uptake, and maintains low cholesterol levels in the blood

44
Q

T or F, gonadotropin levels begin to rise in the proliferative phase

A

F–menstrual phase

45
Q

What hormone is mainly secreted by the corpus luteum? What is one effect prompted by this hormone release?

A

Progesterone. The functional layer of the endometrium becomes a secretory mucosa. OR, Endometrial glands enlarge and secrete nutrients into uterine cavity.

46
Q 
Which of the following are caused by Viral Infection?
A) Syphilis
B) Genital Warts
C) Genital Herpes
D) Both B & C
A

B & C

47
Q

T/F, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, and Chlamydia can be treated with antibiotics.

A

True

48
Q

______ produces one viable ovum with three polar bodies

A

oogenesis

49
Q

Why is it necessary for there to be one ovum with three smaller bodies?

A

Unequal divisions ensures the oocyte has ample nutrients for the journey to the uterus

50
Q

________ produces four viable sperm while oogenesis only produces ____ viable ovum

A

Spermatogenesis; one

51
Q

The ______ phase varies, but the luteal phase is always 14 days from ovulation to end of cycle

A

follicular

52
Q

One more than one layer of cells are present, follicular cells are now called _______ cells

A

granulosa

53
Q

The secondary becomes the vesicular follicle when clear fluid begins to accumulate between granulosa cells. The ______ is then formed when the fluid coalesces.

A

Antrum

54
Q

The isolated oocyte with its surrounding granulosa cells is called the _____ _____

A

corona radiata

55
Q

During the ______ phase, several vesicular follicles are stimulated to grow. Triggered by rising levels of FSH. However, ______ levels drop around the middle of the follicular phase so that only one antral follicle is selected to continue on

A

Follicular; FSH

56
Q

After dominant follicle is selected, the primary oocyte of that follicle completes what?

A

Meiosis I with a polar body

57
Q

After the primary oocyte completes meiosis I with a polar body, the ______ cells then send a signal to the oocyte, causing it to stop at which meiosis II phase?

A

Granulosa cells; metaphase II

58
Q

Once the granulosa cells signal the P.O to stop at metaphase II, LH causes ovary wall to rupture, expelling the now called ______ oocyte

A

secondary

59
Q

After ovulation, the ruptured follicle collapses and antrum fills with clotted blood. This is referred to as _____ ______. It will be absorbed.

A

Corpus hemorrhagicum

60
Q

After ovulation, the remaining granulosa cells and internal thecal cells enlarge to form the ______ _____

A

Corpus luteum

61
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete?

A

Progesterone and little estrogen

62
Q

The corpus luteum degenerates into the ____ ____ in 10 days if no pregnancy occurs

A

corpus albicans

63
Q

_____ stimulates FSH and LH secretion

A

GnRH

64
Q

LH prods thecal cells to produce ________, which granulosa converts to estrogens

A

androgens

65
Q

Which hormone maintains pregnancy if it occurs? and what secretes the hormone until the placenta takes over?

A

Progesterone secreted by corpus luteum

Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE (18 decks)

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