CH.16 Endocrine Flashcards
1
Q
______ blocks renin and aldosterone secretion to decrease blood pressure
A
ANP
2
Q
What is happening at one?
A
The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds to an intracellular receptor
3
Q
The anterior pituitary is also called the _______
A
adenohypophysis
4
Q
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract runs through the ________
A
infundibulum
5
Q
The heart secretes one hormone. What is it?
A
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
6
Q
The _______ neurons of the posterior pituitary produce oxytocin while the supraoptic neurons produces the ________ hormone
A
Paraventricular; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
7
Q
What can cause Cushing’s disease?
A
Tumor on pituitary, lungs, pancreas, kidney, or adrenal cortex, or overuse of corticosteroids
8
Q
How do you prevent diabetes insipidus?
A
Stay well hydrated
9
Q
what does GH stand for
A
growth hormone
10
Q
Effects of _______ include: vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, increased blood glucose levels, blood diverted to brain, heart, and skeletal muscle
A
catecholamines
11
Q
What is T3?
A
the form of TH that has two tyrosine’s with three bound iodine atoms
12
Q
_______ also modulates immunity, decreases inflammation, and may act as anticancer agent
A
calcitriol
13
Q
Regulation of PRL is primarily controlled by what? What is another name for it?
A
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) also known as dopamine
14
Q
What do hormones do to target cells?
A
They alter their activity
15
Q
_____ is excessive hunger and food consumption (cardinal sign of DM)
A
Polyphagia
16
Q
The _____ lobe maintains neural connection to the hypothalamus
A
posterior
17
Q
What happens to children who hyper secrete GH?
A
Gigantism; reach heights of 8ft
18
Q
The primary and secondary capillary plexus and the hypophyseal portal veins make up what system?
A
The hypophyseal portal system that connects the anterior lobe to the hypothalamus
19
Q
__________ of epinephrine or norepinephrine leads to symptoms of an uncontrolled nervous system
A
Hypersecretion
20
Q
Insulin binding to the ______ ______ enzyme receptor triggers the cell to increase glucose uptake
A
tyrosine kinase
21
Q
“Glucose acts as osmotic diuretic” this results in ______
A
polyuria
22
Q
What is permissiveness?
A
One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present
23
Q
_______ may affect: -Timing of sexual maturation and puberty -day/night cycles -physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (body temp, sleep, appetite)
A
Melatonin
24
Q
“Hormones from final target organs inhibit release of the anterior pituitary hormones” This is the end of which feedback loop?
A
Hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedback loop
25
The _____ gland is made of up follicles
Thyroid gland
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_ maintain blood pressure by increasing action of vasoconstrictors
Glucocorticoids
27
What is the treatment for addison's disease?
Corticosteroid replacement therapy
28
Why is Adrenogenital syndrome not noticeable in adult men?
They are already masculinized with testosterone
29
What is up-regulation?
When target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels
30
\_\_\_\_\_ glands produce nonhormonal substances
Exocrine
31
What is T3 and T4 transported by?
thyroxine-binding globulins (TBG's)
32
The pancreas has _______ cells that produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion. Is this exocrine or endocrine?
Acinar cells; exocrine due to secreting non hormonal products
33
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is due to _______ of insulin
hypoactivity (insulin is produced, but your body isn't using it)
34
True or false, the duration of a hormone is response is long lasting and unlimited
False; usually limited
35
What determines a hormones half-life, onset, and duration of hormone activity?
Whether it's water or lipid soluble
36
Aldosterone stimulates _____ reabsorption by kidneys
Na+
37
\_\_\_\_\_ is secreted by prolactin cells of anterior pituitary
Prolactin
38
Both T3 and T4 bind to target receptors, but which one is 10 times more active?
T3
39
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels in three ways: 1. Enhances membrane transport of glucose into _____ and ______ cells 2. Inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose 3. Inhibits conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose
fat and muscle cells
40
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ drugs can control symptoms of many inflammatory diseases like ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_, but can also cause undesirable effects
glucocorticoids; arthritis and allergies
41
what does LH stand for
Luteinizing hormone
42
What is happening at 3?
G protein activates adenylate cyclase
43
\_\_\_\_\_ is secreted by the heart in response to high blood pressure
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
44
The thyroid gland stores TH extracellularly in the _____ \_\_\_\_\_ until triggered by TSH to release
follicle lumen
45
The ______ system can modify stimulation or inhibition of endocrine glands
Nervous
46
\_\_\_\_\_\_: locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them
Paracrines
47
What tract arises from neurons in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in hypothalamus
the HH tract (hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract)
48
List the tropic hormones
Thyroid stimulating H, adrenocorticotropic H, Follicle-stimulating H, and Luteinizing H.
49
Hormone release is triggered by what two things?
Endocrine gland stimuli and nervous system modulation
50
All six hormones except the _____ hormone activate target cels via cAMP second-messenger system
growth (GH)
51
What are three ways hormones can be removed from the body?
Degrading enzymes, kidneys, and the liver
52
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stimulates milk production in females
prolactin (PRL)
53
Is the infundibulum associated with the posterior or anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Posterior
54
The neurohypophysis is made up of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
infundibulum
55
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: chemicals that exert effects on same cells that secrete them
Autocrines
56
The gonads produce the same steroid sex hormones as those of the _____ \_\_\_\_
adrenal cortex
57
Which two hormones does the skin secrete?
Cholecalciferol and calcitriol
58
Are there any problems with adults and hypo secretion of GH?
No
59
GHRH does what?
Stimulates GH release
60
When ______ binds to tyrosine kinase enzyme receptors, the cell is triggered to increase glucose uptake
insulin
61
When sugars cannot be used as fuel, such as in DM, fats are used, causing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: high levels of fatty acids in blood
Lipidemia
62
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an extremely potent hyperglycemic agent
glucagon
63
Hypersecretion of adrenal sex hormones are associated with _________ syndrome (masculinization)
adrenogenital
64
What does TSH do?
Stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid
65
ADH is produced by the _______ neurons
supraoptic
66
What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism?
1. Decreased BP stimulates special cells in the kidneys 2. These cells release renin into the blood 3. Renin cleaves off part of plasma protein angiotensinogen, which triggers enzyme cascade, resulting in conversion to angiotensin II (A.II is a potent stimulator of aldosterone release
67
Amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins are what kind of hormone
Amino-acid based
68
Enteroendocrine cells secretes this hormone. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: stimulates release of HCI
Gastrin
69
Indirect actions on growth: GH triggers liver, skeletal muscle, and bone to produce what?
Insulin-like growth factors
70
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is due to _______ of insulin
hyposecretion (not enough produced, glucose levels stay high)
71
what does FSH stand for
Follicle-stimulating hormone
72
All six hormones in the anterior pituitary are ______ hormones
peptide
73
TH maintains _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_
blood pressure
74
Which releasing hormone is released in response to low cortisol levels?
CRH
75
\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_: tissues with receptors for a specific hormone
Target cells
76
What is antagonism?
when one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone
77
Steroids are synthesized from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
cholesterol
78
The hypothalamus secretes both ______ and _____ hormones to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion.
releasing and inhibiting
79
Hypersecretion of epi and norepi can be due to what?
Tumor of medullary cells
80
Which corticosteroid does the Z. glomerulosa produce?
Mineralocorticoids
81
Diabetes can be due to ________ and _______ of insulin
Hyposecretion and hypoactivity
82
GH is also called ______ because it is produced by somatotropic cells
somatotropin
83
Increased levels of ______ stimulate PRL
estrogen
84
ACTH is triggered by the hypothalamic ______ in daily rhythm
CRH: corticotropin-releasing hormone
85
LH stimulates the production of ______ in males
testosterone
86
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels in three ways: 1. Enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells 2. Inhibits breakdown of ______ to ______ 3. Inhibits conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose
Glycogen to glucose
87
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is not needed for glucose uptake in liver, kidney, or brain
insulin
88
"Stimulate synthesis of enzymes or other proteins" This is what?
One of the actions of hormones on a target cell
89
The _______ secretes estrogens, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
placenta
90
What increases with release of cortisol?
Blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
91
What is aldosteronism?
Hypersecretion usually due to adrenal tumors
92
ACTH stimulates the ______ \_\_\_\_\_ to release corticosteroids
adrenal cortex
93
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is an antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH)
calcitonin
94
Example of target cells: ACTH receptors are found only on certain cells of the adrenal cortex but thyroxin receptors are found on nearly all cells of body
:)
95
Increased K+ directly stimulates _____ release; low levels inhibit it
aldosterone
96
What are symptoms of Addison's disease?
Weight loss, severe dehydration, and hypotension
97
Which glucocorticoid is the only one that has significant amounts in humans?
Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
98
"Cells cannot take up glucose and are starving" this causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
polyphagia
99
"Hormones glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, thyroxine and glucocorticoids" This is a factor that influences ______ release
insulin
100
what is T4?
The major form of TH that consists of two tyrosine's with four bound iodine atoms
101
GHIH also inhibits which hormone?
TSH
102
How are levels of hormones in the blood controlled?
Controlled by negative feedback systems
103
Gonadocorticoids are produced by the zona \_\_\_\_\_\_
reticularis
104
"Rising blood levels of amino acids and fatty acids" This is a factor that influences ______ release
insulin
105
What are the two main classes of hormones?
Amino acid-based and steroids
106
GHIH ______ release
inhibits
107
Adipose tissue cells release \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: appetite control; stimulates increased energy expenditure
leptin
108
Which corticosteroid does the Z. reticularis produce?
Gonadocorticoids
109
Hyposecretion in infants leads to \_\_\_\_\_\_
cretinism
110
Insulin is a _______ hormone
hypoglycemic
111
What does ANP, secreted from the heart, do?
Deceases blood Na+ concentration, therefore blood pressure and blood volume also decrease
112
The _______ is a neuroendocrine organ
hypothalamus
113
T or F, melanin can affect the timing of sexual maturation and puberty
False. Melanin is skin pigment
114
\_\_\_\_\_\_ are acidic, and their build up in blood can cause \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
ketones; ketoacidosis
115
The ________ contains osmoreceptors that monitor solute concentrations. If concentration is too high, the _______ pituitary is triggered to secrete ADH
Hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
116
What is happening in 1-5?
1. The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds an intracellular receptor
2. The receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus
3. The receptor-hormone complex bings to a specific DNA region
4. Binding initiates transcription of mRNA
5. the mRNA directs protein synthesis
117
Release of TSH is triggered by what?
TRH from the hypothalamus (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
118
What is humoral stimuli?
Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones
119
What interrupts the cortisol rhythm?
Acute stress (infection, physical or emotional trauma)
120
Do hormones have different response times?
Yes
121
T or F, TH affects only a few cells in the body
F--affects virtually every cell
122
Aldosterone stimulates ____ elimination by kidneys
K+
123
How many lobes does the pituitary gland have?
Two
124
"One hormone cannot exert its effects without the presence of another hormone" this is\_\_\_\_\_\_
Permissiveness
125
"Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them"
Paracrines
126
Prime metabolic effect of cortisol is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, formation of glucose from fats and proteins
gluconeogenesis
127
\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ____ are both composed of nine amino acids
oxytocin and ADH
128
Exocrine or endocrine glands produce nonhormonal substances?
Exocrine
129
The _____ gland is a small gland hanging from the roof of the third ventricle
pineal
130
\_\_\_\_\_ promotes the production of gonadal hormones
LH
131
\_\_\_\_\_\_, secreted by the skin, is the active form of vitamin D that helps absorb calcium from intestine
Calcitriol
132
Increased cortisol levels inhibit ACTH and CRH through which feedback?
Negative
133
The antibodies made when someone has Grave's disease mimic \_\_\_\_\_\_, stimulating TH release
TSH
134
What do the follicles of the thyroid gland produce?
The glycoprotein Thyroglobulin
135
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ has more of an influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure
norepinephrine
136
Which hormone has direct actions on metabolism?
GH
137
Enteroendocrine cells secretes this hormone. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: activates pancreas, gallbladder, and hepatopancreatic sphincter
Cholecystokinin
138
True or false, all water soluble hormones are steroids
False, they are all acid based except thyroid hormone
139
what does PRL stand for
Prolactin
140
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is huge urine output (cardinal sign of DM)
polyuria
141
What direct actions does GH take on the metabolism?
Triggers liver to break down glycogen into glucose, increases blood levels of fatty acids for use as fuel and encourages cellular protein synthesis
142
\_\_\_ must be converted to ____ at tissue level
T3 must be converted to T4
143
What type of hormones does the posterior lobe secrete?
neurohormones
144
Is it possible to have endocrine and exocrine functions?
Yes
145
How many different endocrine cells does the pancreas contain?
Two
146
True or false, the nervous system cannot override normal endocrine controls
False
147
With neural stimuli, ______ nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines
Sympathetic
148
\_\_\_\_ stimulates the production of gametes (egg or sperm)
FSH
149
What is an example of permissiveness when considering the reproductive hormones?
The reproductive hormones need the thyroid hormone to have any effect.
150
Which gland is underneath the hypothalamus?
Pituitary
151
What is the half-life of a hormone?
The time required for the level of hormone in blood level to decrease by half
152
GH increases blood levels of ____ \_\_\_\_\_ for use as fuel
fatty acids
153
Weak androgens are converted to ________ in tissue cells, some to estrogens
testosterone
154
Hyper secretion of GH is usually caused by what?
A tumor in the anterior pituitary
155
What are some examples of the metabolic activities epinephrine effects
Bronchial dilation, and blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart
156
If a hormone is too low, what does the target cell do? what is this called?
Target cells will form more receptors in response to low hormone levels. this is Up-regulation
157
Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that is released in response to ACTH. ACTH releases in response to which releasing hormone?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
158
GH release or inhibition is chiefly regulated by _______ hormones on somatotropic cells
hypothalamic
159
What happens to children who hypo secrete GH?
Pituitary dwarfism (only reach 4ft)
160
GH triggers the liver to break down ______ into \_\_\_\_\_\_
glycogen into glucose
161
PTH is inhibited by rising levels of \_\_\_\_\_
Ca2+
162
How do amino acid based hormones exert effects?
Through second-messenger systems
163
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ keep blood glucose levels relatively constant
glucocorticoids
164
What is GHIH triggered by?
Increase in GH and IGF levels
165
High fatty acid metabolism results in formation of \_\_\_\_\_\_
ketones
166
\_\_\_\_\_ regulation: target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels
Down
167
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a secondary condition caused by Grave's disease. The eyes protrude as tissue behind the eyes becomes more fibrous.
Exophthalmos
168
ACTH is also called _______ as it is secreted by _________ cells
corticotropin; corticotropic cells
169
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: hollow sphere of epithelial follicular cells that produce glycoprotein thyroglobulin
Follicles
170
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is secreted when blood glucose levels increase
insulin
171
If hypo secretion of TH caused myxedema and is due to a lack of iodine, a ______ may develop.
goiter
172
T or F, excessive levels of glucocorticoids depress the immune system
True
173
The anterior lobe is glandular tissue derived from the oral \_\_\_\_\_\_
mucosa
174
The government added what to our food to ensure we have normal levels of iodine?
Iodized salt
175
Which glands have ducts to carry secretion to membrane surface?
Exocrine
176
Ovaries produce ______ and -\_\_\_\_\_
estrogen and progesterone
177
\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ____ hormones are attached to plasma proteins. All others circulate without carriers
Steroids and thyroid
178
What are symptoms of myxedema?
low metabolic rate(ya get fat), thick and dry skin, puffy eyes, feeling chilled, edema, mental sluggishness, lethargy
179
"From water loss due to polyuria" this results in excessive thirst known as \_\_\_\_\_
polydipsia
180
Importance of Na+?
affects ECF volume, blood volume, blood pressure, and levels of other ions (K, H+, HCO3-, and Cl-)
181
Which gland contains parathyroid cells?
Parathyroid gland
182
What are the three main glucocorticoids
Cortisol, cortisone, and corticosterone
183
What are the three cardinal signs of DM?
Polyuria, Polydipsia, and polyphagia
184
FSH and LH are suppressed by _______ hormones
gonadal
185
What triggers GHRH to stimulate GH release?
Low blood GH or glucose, or high amino acid levels
186
\_\_\_\_-soluble hormones can enter the cell
Lipid
187
Hormonal stimuli: ________ hormones stimulate the release of most anterior pituitary hormones. Then, ____ \_\_\_\_\_ hormones stimulate targets to secrete still more hormones
Hypothalamic; anterior pituitary
188
Enteroendocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract secrete which three hormones?
Gastrin, Ghrelin, and CCK (cholecystokinin)
189
Which three factors does target cell activation depend on?
Blood levels of hormone, relative number of receptors in/on target cell, and the affinity of binding between receptor and hormone
190
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can cause small increases of aldosterone during periods of increased stress
ACTH
191
True or false, hormones can circulate in the blood freely or bound
True
192
The hypothalamic TRH can overcome the negative feedback during which two conditions?
Pregnancy or exposure to cold (especially in infants)
193
What is happening at two?
The receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus
194
What internal and external factors alter the release of CRH?
Fever, hypoglycemia, and stressors
195
\_\_\_\_ is secreted in response to low blood levels of Ca2+
PTH
196
"chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them"
Autocrines
197
The adenohypophysis is also the _______ pituitary
anterior
198
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the reason behind breast swelling and tenderness during menstrual cycle
PRL
199
Increased ___ directly influences the zona glomerulosa cells to release aldosterone
K+
200
What inhibits ADH?
Alcohol and diuretics
201
\_\_\_\_\_ cells of the pancreas produce insulin
Beta
202
Symptoms of Grave's disease?
Elevated metabolic rate, sweating, rapid and irregular heartbeats, nervousness, and weight loss despite adequate amounts of food consumed
203
Osteoblasts in bone secretes which hormone?
Osteocalcin
204
The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is made up of what kind of tissue?
Glandular
205
Somatostatin and sympathetic nervous system inhibits ______ release
insulin
206
Which pancreatic cells produce glucagon?
Alpha
207
What is hormonal stimuli?
Hormones stimulate other endocrine organs to release their hormones
208
Enteroendocrine cells secretes this hormone. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: from stomach; stimulates food intake
ghrelin
209
What is the hypothalamus and pituitary gland connected by?
the infundibulum
210
What are symptoms of hyperinsulinism?
Anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, and even death
211
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism regulate's _______ secretion
aldosterone
212
TH release is regulated by a ______ feedback
negative
213
Rising TH levels provide negative feedback inhibition on TSH. T or F?
True
214
What hormone do the paraventricular neurons produce?
Oxytocin
215
True or false, target cells must have specific receptors to which hormones bind
True
216
" Decreased BP stimulates special cells in the kidneys 2. These cells release renin into the blood 3. Renin cleaves off part of plasma protein angiotensinogen, which triggers enzyme cascade, resulting in conversion to angiotensin II (A.II is a potent stimulator of aldosterone release" Which mechanism is this? which type of corticoid is it associated with?
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid
217
Androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are examples of.....
Androgens
218
what does ACTH stand for
adrenocorticotropic hormone
219
Cortisol secretion cycles are governed by patterns of eating and activity. T or F
True
220
T4 is labeled T4 because....
it has four bound iodine atoms
221
What is happening 1 through 5?
1. The hormone (1st messenger) binds to the receptor
2. Receptor activates G protein
3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
4. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger)
5. cAMP activates protein kinase.
This triggers responses of target cell(acgtivates enzymes, stimulates cellular secretion, opens ion channel, etc)
222
Both oxytocin and ADH are ________ feedback mechanisms
positive
223
What are symptoms of an uncontrolled nervous system due to hypersecretion of epi and norepi?
Hyperglycemia, increased metabolic rate, rapid heartbeat, palpitations, hypertension, intense nervousness, and sweating
224
The duration of hormonal responses range from ___ seconds to several hours
10
225
\_\_\_\_\_\_ tissues have the enzyme needed to covert T4 to T3
Peripheral
226
Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by targeting the liver to break down _______ into glucose
glycogen
227
TH enters the target cell and binds to _______ receptors within the nucleus
intracellular
228
The Adrenal ________ is nervous tissue that is part of the sympathetic nervous system
medulla
229
What does the hypophyseal port system consist of?
The primary capillary plexus, the hypophyseal portal veins, and the secondary capillary plexus
230
What are some clinical signs of hyperprolactinemia?
Inappropriate lactation, lack of menses, infertility in females, and impotence in males
231
How are oxytocin and ADH different, structure wise?
They differ by two amino acids
232
Hormones on target cells can induce ______ activity
secretory
233
High concentrations of ADH causes vasoconstriction, so it is also called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
vasopressin
234
Which mineralocorticoid is the most potent?
Aldosterone
235
The ________ hormone is the body's major metabolic hormone
Thyroid
236
One of _______ functions is to enhance vasoconstriction. Causes rise in blood pressure to quickly distribute nutrients to cells
cortisol's
237
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contribute to the sex drive in women
Gonadocorticoids
238
what are the two glands of the adrenal cortex?
Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
239
The ____ \_\_\_\_ has three layers of glandular tissue that synthesize and secrete several different hormones
adrenal cortex
240
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can activate or deactivate enzymes on target cells
Hormones
241
Although hormones circulate systemically, why then don't hormones affect the whole body?
Only cells with receptors for that hormone are affected
242
FSH and LH release are triggered by _______ during and after puberty
GnRH: gonadotropin-releasing hormone (do not confuse with growth hormone)
243
T or F multiple hormones cannot act on the same target at the same time
False, they can
244
\_\_\_\_ glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones in response to one of three stimuli
Endocrine
245
Addison's disease involves deficient amounts of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
mineralocorticoids
246
Importance of K+?
sets resting membrane potential of cells
247
The ______ pituitary consists of axon terminals of neurons from hypothalamic neurons
posterior
248
Treatment for hyperinsulinism?
Sugar ingestion.
249
What is happening at four?
Binding initiates transcription of the gene to mRNA
250
What does TH regulate?
Tissue growth and development
251
\_\_\_\_\_ is a glucocorticoid that is released in response to ACTH
Cortisol
252
The pituitary gland is also called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Hypophysis
253
What inhibits TSH?
rising blood levels of thyroid hormones that act on both pituitary and hypothalamus
254
"encourages cellular protein synthesis" this is a direct action on the metabolism due to \_\_\_\_\_
GH
255
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids can cause _______ syndrome/disease
Cushing's
256
Excessive levels of glucocorticoids disrupt normal \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, neural, and gastrointestinal functions
cardiovascular
257
Which soluble hormones act via G-protein second messengers?
Water
258
T or F, glycogen targets the liver to break down glucagon into glucose
Fales, glucagon targets the liver
259
\_\_\_\_\_\_ targets the kidney tubules to reabsorb more water to inhibit or prevent urine formation. Release is also triggered by low blood pressure
ADH
260
Excessive levels of glucocorticoids inhibit or increase inflammation?
Inhibit
261
T4 is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
thyroxine
262
Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by targeting liver to synthesize glucose from lactic acid and other \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. This is gluconeogenesis
noncarbohydrates
263
Can water soluble hormones enter the cell?
No
264
In females, ____ helps mature follicles of eggs, triggers ovulation and the release of estrogen and progesterone
LH
265
GH stimulates most cells to enlarge and divide, but major targets are _____ and _____ muscle
bone and skeletal
266
PIH prevents the release of _____ until needed, with decreased levels leading to lactation
PRL
267
TSH can also be inhibited by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and increased levels of cortisol and iodine
dopamine
268
The Parathyroid gland secretes what?
PTH: parathyroid hormone (parathormone
269
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is produced by parafollicular (C) cells in response to high Ca2+ levels
calcitonin
270
What is down regulation?
When target cells lose receptors in response to high hormone levels. Desensitizes the target cells to prevent them from overreacting.
271
What is happening at 4?
The adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)
272
When someone is under severe stress, how does the nervous system override normal endocrine controls?
The hypothalamus and sympathetic nervous system override insulin to allow the blood glucose levels to increase. Prepares body for "fight or flight"
273
What does TSH stand for
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
274
TH is found in how many forms?
Two
275
The concentration of circulating hormone reflects which two actions?
1. Rate of release 2. Speed at which it is inactivated and removed from body
276
Estrogen, with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, causes breast development and cyclic changes in uterine mucosa
progesterone
277
– Initiates maturation of male reproductive organs – Causes appearance of male secondary sexual characteristics and sex drive – Necessary for normal sperm production – Maintains reproductive organs in functional state This all describes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
testosterone
278
Na+ reabsorption back into the blood by aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid, results in what?
Increased blood volume and increased blood pressure
279
Glucagon is a _______ hormone
hyperglycemic
280
\_\_\_\_\_ cells of the pancreas produce glucagon
Alpha
281
Medullary cells synthesize catecholamines _______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
epinephrine and norepinephrine
282
Can some hormonal responses persist for hours at low blood levels?
Yes
283
Some hormone responses are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, while some, especially \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, can take hours to days
Immediate; steroids can take hours to days
284
"Alter plasma membrane permeability and/or membrane potential by opening or closing ion channels" This is an action by a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
hormone
285
With Addison's disease, you see a decrease in ______ levels and Na+ levels
glucose
286
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ influence metabolism of most cells and help us resist stressors
Glucocorticoids
287
What is the main second-messenger system used by water soluble hormones?
Cyclic AMP
288
What happens to prepubertal males with adrenogenital syndrome?
Reproductive organs mature and secondary sex characteristics emerge early
289
Treatment of Grave's disease?
Surgical removal of thyroid or radioactive iodine to destroy active thyroid cells
290
T3 is called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
triidothyronine
291
GH has an indirect action on the liver, skeletal muscle, and bone to produce IGF's. What do they stimulate?
Cellular uptake of nutrients used to synthesize DNA and proteins needed for cell division. The formation of collagen and deposition of bone matrix
292
Hyperinsulinism is excessive insulin secretion and causes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_: low blood glucose levels
Hypoglycemia
293
"more than one hormone produces same effects on target cell, causing amplification" This is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
synergism
294
With grave's disease, the body makes abnormal antibodies directed against _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ cells
thyroid follicular cells
295
What are symptoms of cretinism?
Intellectual disabilities, short and disproportionately sized body, thick tongue and neck
296
What are the two gonadotropins?
FSH and LH
297
What are the two forms TH is found in
T4 and T3
298
Can hormones stimulate mitosis?
Yes
299
Structurally and functionally, it is two glands in one. This is the ____ \_\_\_\_
adrenal gland
300
What is synergism?
more than one hormone produces the SAME effect on target cell, causing amplification
301
Androgens are ______ sex hormones
male
302
Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
steroids
303
TSH is a _____ hormone that is also called thyrotropin as it is produced by thyrotropic cells
tropic
304
Which corticosteroid does the Z. fasciculata produce?
Glucocortoids
305
Endocrine glands are stimulated to synthesize and release hormones in response to which three stimuli?
Humoral, neural, and hormonal stimuli.
306
How does the enzyme in the peripheral tissues convert T4 to T3?
The enzyme removes one iodine
307
Which pancreatic cells produce insulin?
Beta
308
How many hormones does the pituitary gland secrete?
~8 major hormones
309
What happens to prepubertal females with adrenogenital syndrome?
Beard, masculine pattern of body hair, and clitoris resembles small penis
310
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are long-distance chemical signals; they travel in the blood or lymph
Hormones
311
What are some other tissues and organs that produce hormones?
Adipose cells, thymus, and cells in walls of small intestine, stomach, kidneys, and heart
312
How do excessive levels of glucocorticoids inhibit inflammation?
By decreasing release of inflammatory chemicals
313
hormone responses of the _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ to stressors are brief, unlike adrenal cortical hormones
adrenal medulla
314
Calcitonin, at higher than normal doses, does what? (bones)
Inhibits osteoclast activity and prevents release of Ca2+ from bone matrix
315
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: causes maturation of reproductive organs along with the appearance of secondary sexual characteristics
estrogen
316
What happens to adults who hyper secrete GH?
Acromegaly; overgrowth of hands, feet, and face
317
What is the normal variation for a hormone's half-life?
Anywhere from a fraction of a minute to a week.
318
What do tropic hormones do?
Regulate secretion of other hormones
319
Grave's disease causes ________ of TH
hypersecretion
320
T3 and T4 are both what?
Iodine-containing hormones
321
T or F, Ghrelin stimulates GHIH
False
322
When are levels of CRH highest?
In the morning
323
What is Hyperprolactinemia?
The most frequent abnormality of anterior pituitary tumors
324
Hormones can be removed from blood by its what? (varies anywhere from fraction of a minute to a week; depending on hormone)
Half-life
325
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is excessive thirst (cardinal sign of DM)
Polydipsia
326
" The formation of collagen and deposition of bone matrix" this action is stimulated by what?
IGF's (insulin-like growth factors)
327
Some hormones are inactive until they enter target cells. T or F?
True
328
\_\_\_\_\_ is the most important hormone in Ca2+ homeostasis
PTH
329
The pancreas has two endocrine cells on the _____ \_\_\_\_\_ or, islets of Langerhans
pancreatic islets
330
\_\_\_\_ soluble hormones act on the plasma membrane receptors
water
331
Hyper-parathyroidism due to parathyroid gland tumor causes what to leach from bones, causing bones to soften and deform?
Calcium
332
How is the anterior lobe connected to the hypothalamus?
Via the hypophyseal port system
333
What is happening at 2?
The receptor activates G protein
334
\_\_\_\_\_\_ hormone effects on target hormones can _____ further hormone release. This is a negative feedback system.
Increased; inhibit
335
Endocrine system works with the ______ system
Nervous
336
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ secret melatonin, derived from serotonin
Pinealocytes
337
Grave's disease is an ________ disease
autoimmune
338
\_\_\_\_\_\_ glands produce hormones and lack ducts
Endocrine
339
Blood levels of hormones: levels vary only within a \_\_\_\_, desirable range
narrow
340
Can hormones stimulate the synthesis of enzymes or other proteins?
Yes
341
Which gland is closer to the posterior part of the head, the pineal or pituitary gland?
Pineal
342
Glucocortoids are produced by the zona \_\_\_\_\_\_
fasciculata
343
True or false, the nervous system cannot make adjustments to hormonal levels when needed
False
344
How does glucagon raise blood levels?
It targets the liver to break down glycogen into glucose (process called glycogenolysis). Glucagon can also synthesizes glucose from lactic acid and other noncarbohydrate (gluconeogenesis). Glucose is then released into blood.
345
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ regulate electrolyte concentrations (primarily Na+ and K+) in the ECF
Mineralocorticoids
346
"Elevated blood glucose levels: primary stimulus" This is a factor that influences ______ release
This is a factor that influences ______ release
347
True or false, steroid and thyroid hormones circulate without carriers
False
348
TH increases ________ receptors in blood vessels to maintain blood pressure
adrenergic
349
"depresses cartilage/bone formation and immune system; inhibits inflammation; disrupts neural, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal function" this describes what?
Cushing's disease
350
The posterior lobe maintains neural connection to the hypothalamus via what?
Via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
351
Why is the regulation of tissue growth and development critical?
Critical for normal skeletal and nervous system development and reproductive capabilities
352
True or false, endocrine glands lack ducts and produce sweat and saliva
False
353
Hypo secretion of TH in adults can lead to \_\_\_\_\_\_
myxedema
354
T or F, ADH is inhibited by low blood pressure
False. Low blood pressure triggers the release of ADH
355
What are the two major problems that are a result of aldosteronism?
Hypertension and edema due to excess Na+ and excretion of K+ leads to abnormal nonresponsive neurons and muscle
356
ACTH stands for:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
357
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contribute to the the onset of puberty and appearance secondary sex characteristics
Gonadocorticoids
358
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is synthesized as proinsulin that is then modified
insulin
359
Which endocrine organ secretes at least 8 major hormones?
Pituitary
360
Which other hormone stimulates GH release?
Ghrelin (hunger hormone)
361
Hypo-parathyroidism following gland trauma or removal, can cause what? This results in tetany, respiratory paralysis, and death
Hypocalcemia
362
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is triggered by decreased blood glucose levels, rising amino acid levels, or by the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
Glucagon
363
TH entering the target cell and binding to intracellular receptors within the nucleus triggers what to happen?
Transcription of various metabolic genes
364
Mineralocorticoids are produced by the zona \_\_\_\_\_
glomerulosa
365
\_\_\_\_\_\_ stimulates Ca2+ uptake and incorporation into bone matrix
calcitonin
366
Can the amount of a hormone influence the number of receptors for that hormone?
Yes
367
Water-soluble hormones are all what? (except thyroid hormone)
Amino-acid based
368
What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis
369
What are some effects of TH?
Increases basal metabolic rate and heat production. Referred to as calorigenic effect
370
What is diabetes insipidus?
ADH deficiency due to damage to the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary
371
What is proinsulin?
synthesized insulin
372
What is happening at three?
The hormone complex binds a specific DNA region
373
"Cellular uptake of nutrients used to synthesize DNA and proteins needed for cell division" happens when what is produced?
IGF's (insulin-like growth factors)
374
In males, ____ stimulates the production of testosterone
LH
375
The posterior lobe makes up the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
neurohypophysis
376
What is neural stimuli?
Nerve fibers that stimulate hormonal release
377
\_\_\_\_\_ soluble hormones act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes
Lipid-soluble
378
What is an example of synergism when considering hormones that release glucose?
Glucagon and epinephrine both cause the liver to release glucose
379
Which two hormones in the anterior pituitary are not tropic?
Growth hormone and Prolactin
380
Can the CNS override cortisol inhibition of ACTH and CRH, leading to more cortisol secretion?
Yes
381
Gonadocorticoids are weak or strong androgens?
Weak
382
What action stimulates PRL release and promotes continued milk production?
Suckling
383
T or F, oxytocin acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain?
True
384
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are a source of estrogens in postmenopausal women
Gonadocorticoids
385
What disease is associated with hyposecretion of glucocorticoids?
Addison's disease
386
T or F, hyposecretion of epinephrine or norepinephrine leads to symptoms of uncontrolled sympathetic nervous system
False
387
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the precursor of vitamin D and secreted by skin
Cholecalciferol
388
The _______ is connected to the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
389
Goiter: what is it and what causes it
Lack of iodine decreases TH levels, which triggers increased TSH secretion, triggering the thyroid to synthesize more and more unusable thyroglobulin. This causes the thyroid to become enlarged
390
What is an example of antagonism when considering the pancreas and glucose
Insulin and glucagon show antagonism
391
The _______ is a triangular gland located partially behind the stomach
pancreas
392
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels in three ways: 1. Enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells 2. Inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose 3. Inhibits conversion of _____ \_\_\_\_ or _____ to glucose
amino acids or fats (inhibits gluconeogenesis)
393
Both epi and norepi have basically the same effects but, _________ is more a stimulator of metabolic activities
epinephrine
394
Which gland has both exocrine and endocrine cells
Pancreas
395
Medullary cells synthesize \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
catecholamines
396
Why are there no problems associated with the hyposecretion of epi and norepinephrine?
They are not essential to life
397
Osteocalcin, secreted by osteoblasts, does what?
Prods the pancreas to secrete more insulin; restricts fat storage and reduces body fat. Activated by insulin
