CH.16 Endocrine Flashcards
______ blocks renin and aldosterone secretion to decrease blood pressure
ANP
What is happening at one?
The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds to an intracellular receptor
The anterior pituitary is also called the _______
adenohypophysis
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract runs through the ________
infundibulum
The heart secretes one hormone. What is it?
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
The _______ neurons of the posterior pituitary produce oxytocin while the supraoptic neurons produces the ________ hormone
Paraventricular; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What can cause Cushing’s disease?
Tumor on pituitary, lungs, pancreas, kidney, or adrenal cortex, or overuse of corticosteroids
How do you prevent diabetes insipidus?
Stay well hydrated
what does GH stand for
growth hormone
Effects of _______ include: vasoconstriction, increased heart rate, increased blood glucose levels, blood diverted to brain, heart, and skeletal muscle
catecholamines
What is T3?
the form of TH that has two tyrosine’s with three bound iodine atoms
_______ also modulates immunity, decreases inflammation, and may act as anticancer agent
calcitriol
Regulation of PRL is primarily controlled by what? What is another name for it?
Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) also known as dopamine
What do hormones do to target cells?
They alter their activity
_____ is excessive hunger and food consumption (cardinal sign of DM)
Polyphagia
The _____ lobe maintains neural connection to the hypothalamus
posterior
What happens to children who hyper secrete GH?
Gigantism; reach heights of 8ft
The primary and secondary capillary plexus and the hypophyseal portal veins make up what system?
The hypophyseal portal system that connects the anterior lobe to the hypothalamus
__________ of epinephrine or norepinephrine leads to symptoms of an uncontrolled nervous system
Hypersecretion
Insulin binding to the ______ ______ enzyme receptor triggers the cell to increase glucose uptake
tyrosine kinase
“Glucose acts as osmotic diuretic” this results in ______
polyuria
What is permissiveness?
One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present
_______ may affect: -Timing of sexual maturation and puberty -day/night cycles -physiological processes that show rhythmic variations (body temp, sleep, appetite)
Melatonin
“Hormones from final target organs inhibit release of the anterior pituitary hormones” This is the end of which feedback loop?
Hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedback loop
The _____ gland is made of up follicles
Thyroid gland
______ maintain blood pressure by increasing action of vasoconstrictors
Glucocorticoids
What is the treatment for addison’s disease?
Corticosteroid replacement therapy
Why is Adrenogenital syndrome not noticeable in adult men?
They are already masculinized with testosterone
What is up-regulation?
When target cells form more receptors in response to low hormone levels
_____ glands produce nonhormonal substances
Exocrine
What is T3 and T4 transported by?
thyroxine-binding globulins (TBG’s)
The pancreas has _______ cells that produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion. Is this exocrine or endocrine?
Acinar cells; exocrine due to secreting non hormonal products
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is due to _______ of insulin
hypoactivity (insulin is produced, but your body isn’t using it)
True or false, the duration of a hormone is response is long lasting and unlimited
False; usually limited
What determines a hormones half-life, onset, and duration of hormone activity?
Whether it’s water or lipid soluble
Aldosterone stimulates _____ reabsorption by kidneys
Na+
_____ is secreted by prolactin cells of anterior pituitary
Prolactin
Both T3 and T4 bind to target receptors, but which one is 10 times more active?
T3
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels in three ways: 1. Enhances membrane transport of glucose into _____ and ______ cells 2. Inhibits breakdown of glycogen to glucose 3. Inhibits conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose
fat and muscle cells
________ drugs can control symptoms of many inflammatory diseases like ______ and ______, but can also cause undesirable effects
glucocorticoids; arthritis and allergies
what does LH stand for
Luteinizing hormone
What is happening at 3?
G protein activates adenylate cyclase
_____ is secreted by the heart in response to high blood pressure
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
The thyroid gland stores TH extracellularly in the _____ _____ until triggered by TSH to release
follicle lumen
The ______ system can modify stimulation or inhibition of endocrine glands
Nervous
______: locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them
Paracrines
What tract arises from neurons in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in hypothalamus
the HH tract (hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract)
List the tropic hormones
Thyroid stimulating H, adrenocorticotropic H, Follicle-stimulating H, and Luteinizing H.
Hormone release is triggered by what two things?
Endocrine gland stimuli and nervous system modulation
All six hormones except the _____ hormone activate target cels via cAMP second-messenger system
growth (GH)
What are three ways hormones can be removed from the body?
Degrading enzymes, kidneys, and the liver
_______ stimulates milk production in females
prolactin (PRL)
Is the infundibulum associated with the posterior or anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
Posterior
The neurohypophysis is made up of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and the _______
infundibulum
________: chemicals that exert effects on same cells that secrete them
Autocrines
The gonads produce the same steroid sex hormones as those of the _____ ____
adrenal cortex
Which two hormones does the skin secrete?
Cholecalciferol and calcitriol
Are there any problems with adults and hypo secretion of GH?
No
GHRH does what?
Stimulates GH release
When ______ binds to tyrosine kinase enzyme receptors, the cell is triggered to increase glucose uptake
insulin
When sugars cannot be used as fuel, such as in DM, fats are used, causing _______: high levels of fatty acids in blood
Lipidemia
_______ is an extremely potent hyperglycemic agent
glucagon
Hypersecretion of adrenal sex hormones are associated with _________ syndrome (masculinization)
adrenogenital
What does TSH do?
Stimulates normal development and secretory activity of thyroid
ADH is produced by the _______ neurons
supraoptic
What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism?
- Decreased BP stimulates special cells in the kidneys 2. These cells release renin into the blood 3. Renin cleaves off part of plasma protein angiotensinogen, which triggers enzyme cascade, resulting in conversion to angiotensin II (A.II is a potent stimulator of aldosterone release
Amino acid derivatives, peptides, and proteins are what kind of hormone
Amino-acid based
Enteroendocrine cells secretes this hormone. _______: stimulates release of HCI
Gastrin
Indirect actions on growth: GH triggers liver, skeletal muscle, and bone to produce what?
Insulin-like growth factors
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is due to _______ of insulin
hyposecretion (not enough produced, glucose levels stay high)
what does FSH stand for
Follicle-stimulating hormone
All six hormones in the anterior pituitary are ______ hormones
peptide
TH maintains _____ ______
blood pressure
Which releasing hormone is released in response to low cortisol levels?
CRH
_____ ____: tissues with receptors for a specific hormone
Target cells
What is antagonism?
when one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone
Steroids are synthesized from ________
cholesterol
The hypothalamus secretes both ______ and _____ hormones to the anterior pituitary to regulate hormone secretion.
releasing and inhibiting
Hypersecretion of epi and norepi can be due to what?
Tumor of medullary cells
Which corticosteroid does the Z. glomerulosa produce?
Mineralocorticoids
Diabetes can be due to ________ and _______ of insulin
Hyposecretion and hypoactivity
GH is also called ______ because it is produced by somatotropic cells
somatotropin
Increased levels of ______ stimulate PRL
estrogen
ACTH is triggered by the hypothalamic ______ in daily rhythm
CRH: corticotropin-releasing hormone
LH stimulates the production of ______ in males
testosterone
Insulin lowers blood glucose levels in three ways: 1. Enhances membrane transport of glucose into fat and muscle cells 2. Inhibits breakdown of ______ to ______ 3. Inhibits conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose
Glycogen to glucose
_______ is not needed for glucose uptake in liver, kidney, or brain
insulin
“Stimulate synthesis of enzymes or other proteins” This is what?
One of the actions of hormones on a target cell
The _______ secretes estrogens, progesterone, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
placenta
What increases with release of cortisol?
Blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids
What is aldosteronism?
Hypersecretion usually due to adrenal tumors
ACTH stimulates the ______ _____ to release corticosteroids
adrenal cortex
______ is an antagonist to parathyroid hormone (PTH)
calcitonin
Example of target cells: ACTH receptors are found only on certain cells of the adrenal cortex but thyroxin receptors are found on nearly all cells of body
:)
Increased K+ directly stimulates _____ release; low levels inhibit it
aldosterone
What are symptoms of Addison’s disease?
Weight loss, severe dehydration, and hypotension
Which glucocorticoid is the only one that has significant amounts in humans?
Cortisol (hydrocortisone)
“Cells cannot take up glucose and are starving” this causes _________
polyphagia
“Hormones glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, thyroxine and glucocorticoids” This is a factor that influences ______ release
insulin
what is T4?
The major form of TH that consists of two tyrosine’s with four bound iodine atoms
GHIH also inhibits which hormone?
TSH
How are levels of hormones in the blood controlled?
Controlled by negative feedback systems
Gonadocorticoids are produced by the zona ______
reticularis
“Rising blood levels of amino acids and fatty acids” This is a factor that influences ______ release
insulin
What are the two main classes of hormones?
Amino acid-based and steroids
GHIH ______ release
inhibits
Adipose tissue cells release _______: appetite control; stimulates increased energy expenditure
leptin
Which corticosteroid does the Z. reticularis produce?
Gonadocorticoids
Hyposecretion in infants leads to ______
cretinism
Insulin is a _______ hormone
hypoglycemic
What does ANP, secreted from the heart, do?
Deceases blood Na+ concentration, therefore blood pressure and blood volume also decrease
The _______ is a neuroendocrine organ
hypothalamus
T or F, melanin can affect the timing of sexual maturation and puberty
False. Melanin is skin pigment
______ are acidic, and their build up in blood can cause _________
ketones; ketoacidosis
The ________ contains osmoreceptors that monitor solute concentrations. If concentration is too high, the _______ pituitary is triggered to secrete ADH
Hypothalamus; posterior pituitary
What is happening in 1-5?
- The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane and binds an intracellular receptor
- The receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus
- The receptor-hormone complex bings to a specific DNA region
- Binding initiates transcription of mRNA
- the mRNA directs protein synthesis
Release of TSH is triggered by what?
TRH from the hypothalamus (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)
What is humoral stimuli?
Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones
What interrupts the cortisol rhythm?
Acute stress (infection, physical or emotional trauma)
Do hormones have different response times?
Yes
T or F, TH affects only a few cells in the body
F–affects virtually every cell
Aldosterone stimulates ____ elimination by kidneys
K+
How many lobes does the pituitary gland have?
Two
“One hormone cannot exert its effects without the presence of another hormone” this is______
Permissiveness
“Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them”
Paracrines
Prime metabolic effect of cortisol is __________, formation of glucose from fats and proteins
gluconeogenesis
______ and ____ are both composed of nine amino acids
oxytocin and ADH
Exocrine or endocrine glands produce nonhormonal substances?
Exocrine
The _____ gland is a small gland hanging from the roof of the third ventricle
pineal
_____ promotes the production of gonadal hormones
LH
______, secreted by the skin, is the active form of vitamin D that helps absorb calcium from intestine
Calcitriol
Increased cortisol levels inhibit ACTH and CRH through which feedback?
Negative
The antibodies made when someone has Grave’s disease mimic ______, stimulating TH release
TSH
What do the follicles of the thyroid gland produce?
The glycoprotein Thyroglobulin
_________ has more of an influence on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure
norepinephrine
Which hormone has direct actions on metabolism?
GH
Enteroendocrine cells secretes this hormone. _______: activates pancreas, gallbladder, and hepatopancreatic sphincter
Cholecystokinin
True or false, all water soluble hormones are steroids
False, they are all acid based except thyroid hormone
what does PRL stand for
Prolactin
______ is huge urine output (cardinal sign of DM)
polyuria
What direct actions does GH take on the metabolism?
Triggers liver to break down glycogen into glucose, increases blood levels of fatty acids for use as fuel and encourages cellular protein synthesis
___ must be converted to ____ at tissue level
T3 must be converted to T4
What type of hormones does the posterior lobe secrete?
neurohormones
Is it possible to have endocrine and exocrine functions?
Yes
How many different endocrine cells does the pancreas contain?
Two
True or false, the nervous system cannot override normal endocrine controls
False
With neural stimuli, ______ nervous system fibers stimulate adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines
Sympathetic
____ stimulates the production of gametes (egg or sperm)
FSH
What is an example of permissiveness when considering the reproductive hormones?
The reproductive hormones need the thyroid hormone to have any effect.
Which gland is underneath the hypothalamus?
Pituitary
What is the half-life of a hormone?
The time required for the level of hormone in blood level to decrease by half
GH increases blood levels of ____ _____ for use as fuel
fatty acids
Weak androgens are converted to ________ in tissue cells, some to estrogens
testosterone
Hyper secretion of GH is usually caused by what?
A tumor in the anterior pituitary
What are some examples of the metabolic activities epinephrine effects
Bronchial dilation, and blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart
If a hormone is too low, what does the target cell do? what is this called?
Target cells will form more receptors in response to low hormone levels. this is Up-regulation
Cortisol is a glucocorticoid that is released in response to ACTH. ACTH releases in response to which releasing hormone?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
GH release or inhibition is chiefly regulated by _______ hormones on somatotropic cells
hypothalamic
What is happening at two?
The receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus
What is happening 1 through 5?
- The hormone (1st messenger) binds to the receptor
- Receptor activates G protein
- G protein activates adenylate cyclase
- Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (2nd messenger)
- cAMP activates protein kinase.
This triggers responses of target cell(acgtivates enzymes, stimulates cellular secretion, opens ion channel, etc)
What is happening at four?
Binding initiates transcription of the gene to mRNA
What is happening at 4?
The adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)
What is happening at 2?
The receptor activates G protein
What is happening at three?
The hormone complex binds a specific DNA region
