Ch. 19 Blood Vessels Flashcards
1
Q
______ ______ are the delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at the heart
A
blood vessels
2
Q
______ carry blood away from the heart. They are ________ except for the ones in the pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of a fetus.
A
Arteries; oxygenated
3
Q
________ have direct contact with tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs
A
Capillaries
4
Q
Which type of blood vessel directly serves cellular needs?
A
Capillaries
5
Q
_______ carry blood toward the heart and carry _______ blood except for the ones in the pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of a fetus
A
Veins; deoxygenated
6
Q
All vessels have a ________, which is a central blood containing space and surrounded by a wall
A
Lumen
7
Q
______ have bigger walls while _____ have bigger lumen
A
Arteries; Veins
8
Q
Blood vessels have three layers, called _____, except for _______ which only have one.
A
Tunics; capillaries
9
Q
“Endothelium with sparse basal lamina” describes which type of blood vessel?
A
Capillaries
10
Q
Name the three layers of blood vessel walls
A
Tunica intima, Tunica Media, and Tunica externa
11
Q
Which tunica is the innermost?
A
Tunica intima
12
Q
Sympathetic nerve fibers innervate this tunica and control vasoconstriction and vasodilation
A
Tunica media
13
Q
What is the other name for the tunica externa?
A
Tunica adventitia
14
Q
Which tunica is in contact with the blood?
A
Tunica intima
15
Q
_____ ______ has endothelium: simple squamous epithelium that lines the lumen of all vessels
A
Tunica intima
16
Q
“simple squamous epithelium” this characteristic describes which tunica?
A
Tunica intima
17
Q
The tunica intima has a second sub-endothelial layer. What is it made up of?
A
connective tissue basement membrane
18
Q
The tunica intima has a endothelium layer. What is the purpose of having simple squamous epithelium?
A
The slick surface reduces friction
19
Q
Which tunica controls vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
A
Tunica Media
20
Q
List the tunica’s from outermost layer to innermost
A
Tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima
21
Q
“made of collagen fibers that protect and reinforce wall and anchor it to surrounding structures” This describes which tunica
A
Tunica externa
22
Q
The ______ _____ is infiltrated with nerve fibers and lymphatic vessels
A
Tunica externa
23
Q
The tunica adventitia is also called the
A
Tunica externa
24
Q
The sub-endothelial layer of the tunica intima is only found in?
A
Vessels larger than 1mm
25
"The bulkiest later that is responsible for maintaining blood flow and blood pressure" This describes which tunica?
Tunica media
26
Large veins contain elastic fibers in which tunica?
Tunica externa
27
____ ______ is the system of tiny blood vessels found in larger vessels of the tunica externa
Vasa Vasorum
28
What is Vasa vasorum?
The system of tiny blood vessels found in larger veins of the tunica externa
29
What is the function of the vasa vasorum?
Nourish the outermost external layer
30
Which three groups are the arteries broken up into?
Elastic, muscular, and arterioles
31
_____ arteries are thick walled with large, low-resistance lumen
Elastic
32
The aorta and its major branches are ______ arteries
Elastic
33
Why are the aorta and its major branches also called conducting arteries?
Because they conduct blood from the heart to medium sized vessels
34
With ______ arteries, elastin is found in all three tunics, but mostly the tunica ______
Elastic; tunica media
35
Which group of arteries contain substantial amounts of smooth muscle but inactive in vasoconstriction?
Elastic arteries
36
"Act as pressure reservoirs that expand and recoil as blood is ejected from heart. This allows continuous blood flow downstream even between heartbeats" This describes which group of arteries?
Elastic
37
Elastic arteries give rise to ______ arteries
Muscular
38
What is the other name for muscular arteries?
Distributing arteries
39
Why are _____ arteries also called distributing arteries?
Muscular; because they deliver blood to the body organs
40
______ arteries account for most of the named arteries
Muscular
41
Muscular arteries have the thickest _____ ____ with more smooth muscle, but have less elastic tissue
Tunica media
42
Which arteries have the thickest tunica media with more smooth muscle but less elastic tissue?
Muscular arteries
43
With muscular arteries where is the tunica media?
Sandwiched between elastic membranes
44
Muscular arteries are active/inactive in vasoconstriction?
Active
45
Which group of arteries are the smallest?
Arterioles
46
Large arterioles contain all three tunica's but smaller arts are mostly a single layer of smooth muscle surrounding ________ cells
endothelial
47
_______ control flow into capillary beds via vasodilation and vasoconstriction of smooth muscle
Arterioles
48
Arterioles are also called ________ arteries. Why?
Resistance; because changing diameters changes the resistance to blood flow
49
In ________, the diameter is so small only one RBC can fit through at a time
Capillaries
50
The diameter of muscular arteries ranges from what to what?
From pinky-finger size to pencil lead size
51
______ are spider shaped stem cells that help stabilize capillary walls, control permeability, and play a role in what?
Pericytes; play a role in vessel repair
52
**Watch videos on fluid movement**
:)
53
Hydrostatic-osmotic pressure interactions is what?
Net fluid flow out at the arterial end and net fluid flow in at venous end
54
______: abnormal increase in amount of interstitial fluid
Edema
55
What causes an edema?
Caused by either an increase in outward pressure (Driving fluid out of the capillaries) or a decrease in inward pressure
56
Which stem cells help stabilize capillary walls, control permeability, and play a role in vessel repair?
Pericytes
57
"Exchange of gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc. between blood and interstitial fluid" this describes the function of what?
capillaries
58
All capillary _______ cells are joined by tight junctions with gaps called intercellular clefts
endothelial
59
All capillary endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions with gaps called _____ ______
intercellular clefts
60
The intercellular clefts of capillaries allow what?
Passage of fluids and small solutes
61
Name the three types of capillaries
Continous, Fenestrated, and Sinusoidal
62
Abundant in muscles, lungs, and the CNS. This describes which type of capillary?
Continous
63
______ ______ of the brain are unique. They form the blood barrier and are totally closed with tight junctions and no intercellular clefts
Continous capillaries
64
Found in areas involved in active filtration, absorption, and endocrine hormone secretion. This describes which type of capillary?
Fenestrated
65
Endothelial cells contain swiss cheese like pores called fenestrations. This describes which type of capillary?
Fenestrated
66
Blood flow is sluggish--allows time for modification of large molecules and blood cells that pass between blood and tissue. This describes which type of capillary?
Sinusoidal
67
Contain macrophages in the lining to capture and destroy foreign invades. This describes which type of capillary?
Sinusoidal
68
_______ ______ are most permeable and occur in limited locations
Sinusoidal capillaries
69
Which capillaries look like swiss cheese on steroids?
Sinusoidal capillaries
70
Which capillaries are found only in the liver, bone marrow, adrenal medulla, and spleen?
Sinusoidal
71
_____ _____ are interwoven networks of capillaries between arterioles and venules
Capillary beds
72
_______ is the flow of blood through cap. beds
Microcirculation
73
How many types of vessels do capillary beds have? What are they?
Two; vascular shunts and true capillaries
74
______ ______ is the channel that connects arteriole directly with the venue (metarteriole-thoroughfare channel)
Vascular shunt
75
______ _______ are the actual vessels involved in the exchange in the cap. beds
True capillaries
76
How many exchange vessels are there per capillary bed?
10-100
77
______ ________ branch off the met-arteriole or terminal arteriole
True capillaries
78
_______ ______ regulate blood flow into true capillaries
Precapillary sphincters
79
______ ______ are regulated by local chemical conditions and vasomotor nerves
pre-capillary sphincters
80
______ carry blood to heart
Veins
81
_______ unite to form post capillary venules
capillaries
82
_____ _______ consist of endothelium and a few pericytes
post-capillary venules
83
Veins form when _______ converge
venules
84
______ _____ are very porous: allows fluids and WBC's into tissues
postcapillary venules
85
______ venules have one or two layers of smooth muscle cells
Larger
86
_____ have all three tunics, but thinner walls with large lumens
veins
87
With ______, the tunica media is thin, but the tunica externa is thick
Veins
88
The tunica media and externa within ______ contain collagen fibers and elastic networks
Veins
89
_____ lumen and _____ walls make veins good storage vessels
Large;thin
90
Veins with large lumen and thin walls are called ______ _______
capacitance vessels
91
_______ vessels contain up to 65% of blood supply
Capacitance
92
Blood pressure in _____ is lower than in ______, so adaptions ensure return of blood to heart
Veins; arteries
93
The large diameter of the lumen offers little _______
resistance
94
_____ _____ are flattened veins with extremely thin walls
Venous sinuses
95
_____ _____ are veins composed of only endothelium
Venous sinuses
96
The _____ _____ is an example of a venous sinuses vein
Coronary sinus
97
_____ _____ is the volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or entire circulation in a given period
blood flow
98
Dilated and painful veins due to incompetent valves
Varicose veins
99
________ ______ is the interconnections of blood vessels
Vascular anastomoses
100
_______ _______ provides alternate pathways (collateral channels) to ensure continuous flow, even if one artery is blocked
Arterial anastomoses
101
Elevated _____ ____ can cause varicose veins. Ex: straining to deliver a baby
venous pressure
102
_______ _______ are shunts in capillaries; example: metarteriole-thoroughfare channels
Arteriovenous anastomoses
103
_______ ______ are so abundant that occluded veins rarely block blood flow
venous anastomoses
104
Measured in ML/min, and is equivalent to cardiac output for the entire cardiovascular system.
Blood flow
105
Overall is relatively constant when at rest but at any given moment, varies at individual organ level based on needs. This describes?
Blood flow
106
____ _____: force per unit are exerted on walls of blood vessels by blood
Blood pressure
107
Expressed in mmHg
Blood pressure
108
_____ _____ is measured as systemic arterial __ __ in large arteries near heart
Blood pressure; bp
109
"Pressure gradient provides driving force that keeps blood moving from higher to lower pressure areas" This describes
Blood pressure
110
_____ ______ is the measurement of friction blood encounters with vessel walls, generally in systemic circulation
Peripheral resistance
111
What are the three important sources of resistance?
Blood viscosity, Blood vessel diameter, and vessel length
112
______ _____ is the thickness or stickiness of blood due to formed elements and plasma proteins
Blood viscosity
113
The greater the _______, the less easily molecules are able to slide past each other
Viscosity
114
Increased/Decreased viscosity equals increased resistance
Increased
115
True or false, the shorter a blood vessel length, the greater the resistance to flow?
False, a longer length = increased resistance
116
What has the greatest influence on resistance?
Blood vessel diameter
117
Frequent changes if _____ ______ _____ alters peripheral resistance
Blood vessel diameter
118
While viscosity and blood vessel length are relatively constant, what is frequently shifting>
Blood vessel diameter
119
Laminar flow is what?
The idea that fluid close to walls in blood vessels move more slowly than in the middle of tube
120
Resistance within blood vessels varies inversely with what?
The fourth power of vessel radius
121
The fourth power of vessel radius means what?
If the radius of a BV increases, resistance decreases. (and vice versa)
122
If the radius of a BV is doubled, per the fourth power of vessel radius, resistance drops to ?
1/16
123
What are major determinants of peripheral resistance? Why?
Small-diameter arterioles. The radius changes frequently in contrast to larger arteries that do not change often
124
Abrupt changes in vessel diameter or obstacles such as fatty plaques from atherosclerosis dramatically ________ resistance
increases
125
______ _____ (F) is directly proportional to blood pressure gradient ( ΔP)
Blood flow
126
If ΔP increased, _____ _____ speeds up
Blood flow
127
What is inversely proportional to peripheral resistance?(R)
Blood flow
128
If __ increased, __ decreases
R goes up and F goes down
129
R or F is more important in influencing local blood flow because it is easily changed by altering blood vessel diameter
R (peripheral resistance)
130
What generates blood flow?
The pumping action of the heart
131
Systemic pressure is highest in _____ and declines throughout pathway
Aorta
132
With systemic blood pressure, where does the steepest drop occur?
In the arterioles
133
Arterial blood pressure is determined by what two factors?
Elasticity of arteries close to heart and the volume of blood forced into them at any time
134
BP near the heart is ________ (rises and falls with each heartbeat)
Pulsatile
135
_____ _____ pressure: pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction
Systolic pressure
136
"Left ventricle pumps blood into the aorta, imparting kinetic energy that stretches aorta" this describes which BP?
Systolic pressure
137
What is the average systolic pressure for a normal adult?
120mmHg
138
______ ______: lowest level of aortic pressure when heart is at rest
Diastolic pressure
139
"Pressure that propels blood to tissues" is?
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
140
The heart spends more time in _______ so not just a simple average of diastole and systole
diastole
141
Maintaining blood pressure requires cooperation of which organs? And they are all supervised by what?
Heart, blood vessels, and kidneys. Brain is the boss.
142
What are the three factors that regulate blood pressure?
Cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and blood volume
143
Blood pressure varies directly with what?
Cardiac output, PR, and blood volume
144
What are the two short term regulations of blood pressure?
Neural controls and hormonal controls
145
What is the long term regulation of blood pressure?
Renal control
146
(Referring to short term regulation: neural controls) _____ is maintained by altering blood vessel diameter, which alters resistance
MAP
147
If blood volume drops, all vessels constrict except
The vessels to the heart and brain
148
______ _______ alter blood distribution to organs in response to specific demands
neural mechanism
149
Neural controls operate via ____ ____
Reflex arcs
150
Neural controls operate via reflex arcs that involve what?
- Cardiovascular center of medulla
- Baroreceptors
- Chemoreceptors
- High brain centers
151
The _____ _______ is composed of clusters of sympathetic neurons in the medulla
Cardiovascular center
152
The cardiovascular system consists of ______ and _______ centers
cardioinhibitory and cardioacceleratory
153
Within the Cardiovascular center, the ______ center sends impulses via sympathetic efferent called vasomotor fivers to blood vessels
Vasomotor
154
What is vasomotor tone
Moderate constriction of blood vessels signaled by the vasomotor center
155
_______ ________ are located in the carotid sinuses, aortic arch, and walls of large arteries and thorax
Baroreceptor reflexes
156
What do chemoreceptor reflexes detect?
Detect increase in CO2 or drop in O2
157
Where are chemoreceptors found?
Aortic arch and large arteries
158
Chemoreceptor reflexes cause an increase in blood pressure by..... (two)
1. Signaling cardioacceleratory center to increase CO
| 2. Signaling vasomotor center to increase vasoconstriction
159
Signaling cardioacceleratory center to increase CO. This describes which neural control?
Chemoreceptor reflexes
160
1. Reflexes that regulate BP are found in medulla.
2. Hypothalamus increases blood pressure during stress
3. Hypothalamus mediates redistribution of blood flow during exercise and changes in body temperature.
These are all what?
Influences of higher brain centers on the short term regulation of blood pressure and control
161
_______ regulate BP in short term via changes in peripheral resistance or long term via changes in blood volume
Hormones
162
What are the adrenal medulla hormones that are associated with BP regulation?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
163
________ and ________ from adrenal glands increase CO and vasoconstriction
Epi and Norepinephrine
164
Which hormone control stimulates vasoconstriction
Angiotensin II
165
____and _____ increases vasoconstriction, but ________ stimulates vasoconstriction
Epi and norepinephrine; angiotensin II stimulates
166
High levels of what can cause vasoconstriction?
ADH
167
Which hormone decreases BP by antagonizing aldosterone, causing decreased blood volume?
Atrial natriuretic peptide
168
Baroreceptors quickly adapt to chronic high or low BP's so they are effective or ineffective for long term regulation?
ineffective
169
Long-term mechanisms control BP by altering blood volume via ______
kidneys
170
"Alters blood volume independently of hormones"
Direct renal mechanism
171
____ _____ mechanism: increased BP or BV causes elimination of more urine, thus reducing BP
Direct renal mechanism
172
_____ _____ mechanism: decreased BP or BV causes kidneys to conserve water, and BP rises
Direct renal
173
What is the goal of blood pressure regulation?
To keep blood pressure high enough to provide adequate tissue perfusion, but not so high that blood vessels are damaged
174
List homeostatic imbalances in blood pressure
Changes in poster, physical exertion, emotional upset, and fever
175
List factors that cause BP to shift
Age, sex, weight, race, mood, and posture
176
_________: sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90mm hg or higher
Hypertension
177
You are ________ if the values are elevated but not quite in high enough in range
Pre-hypertensive
178
What causes prehypertension
Transient adaptions during fever, physical exertion or emotional upset. It is often persistent in obese people
179
If you're obese, you're probably always steadily _________
Prehypertensive
180
Prolonged ________ is a major cause of heart failure, vascular disease, renal failure, and stroke
hypertension
181
Does the myocardium enlarge or shrink with prolonged hypertension?
Enlarge
182
_____ ______: 90% of hypertensive conditions. No underlying cause identified. Risk factors include diet, obesity, age, diabetes, mellitus, stress, and smoking
Primary hypertension
183
To reduce primary hypertension, what can you do?
Restrict salt and cholesterol intake. Increase exercise, lose weight, stop smoking. Or be lazy and try antihypertensive drugs
184
_______ hypertensive is uncommon and due to what?
Secondary; due to identifiable disorders including obstructed renal arteries, kidney disease, and endocrine disorders such as hyperthyroidism
185
obstructed renal arteries cause hypotension. T or F
False, causes hypertension
186
Endocrine disorders like hyperthyroidism causes secondary hypertension. T or F
True
187
BP below 90/60 is considered...
Hypotension
188
______ is usually not a concern unless it causes inadequate blood flow to tissues
Hypotension
189
Hypertension is often associated with long life and lack of cardiovascular illness. T or F
False, that is hypotension
190
_____ ______ is a condition where blood vessels inadequately fill and cannot circulate blood properly
Circulatory shock
191
_______ ______ results from large-scale blood loss
Hypovolemic shock
192
_______ shock results from extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance
Vascular
193
________ shock results when an inefficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation
Cardiogenic
194
The _____ of blood flow changes as blood travels through systemic circulation. It is fastest in the aorta, slowest in capillaries, and then increases again in veins
Velocity
195
_____ of blood flow, when considering capillary exchange, is inversely related to total cross-sectional area
Speed
196
______( a blood vessel) have the largest area so the slowest flow
Capillaries
197
Why is a slower flow through the capillaries important?
Slow capillary flow allows adequate time for exchange between blood and tissues
198
_______: intermittent flow of blood through capillaries
Vasomotion
199
Blood flow is intermittent through capillaries due to what?
on/off opening and closing of pre capillary sphincters
200
Many molecules pass by _______ between blood and interstitial fluid (move down their concentration gradients)
diffusion
201
Molecules use four different routes to cross capillaries. What are they?
1. Diffuse directly through endothelial membranes.
2. Pass through clefts.
3. Pass through fenestrations
4. active transport via pinocytotic vesicles or caveolae
202
"ex: lipid-soluble molecules such as respiratory gases" this is an example of which route to cross the capillary?
Diffusion through endothelial membranes
203
"Water soluble solutes" this is an example of which route to cross the capillary? (two)
Passing through clefts and fenestrations
204
What is an example of active transport via pinocytotic vesicles or caveolae?
Larger molecules such as proteins
205
Direction and amount of fluid flow depend on which two opposing forces?
Hydrostatic pressure and Colloid osmotic pressure
206
What are the two types of hydrostatic pressure?
Capillary hydrostatic pressure (HPc) and Interstitial fluid (HPif)
207
What is hydrostatic pressure?
Force exerted by fluid pressing against walls
208
What is HPc?
Capillary pressure that tends to force fluids through capillary walls
209
HPc is greater at ______ end of bed than at the _______ end
arterial than venule end
210
What is HPif?
Pressure pushing fluid back into vessel. usually assumed to be zero because lymphatic vessels drain interstitial fluid
211
What is capillary colloid osmotic pressure? (OPc)
"Sucking" pressure created by nondiffusible plasma proteins puling water back into capillary
212
What measurement is Opc generally around?
26mm Hg
213
What is important about interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure? (OPif)
Pressure is inconsequential because interstitial fluid has very low protein content
214
What is the general mmHg of OPif?
1 mm Hg
215
Video link on hydrostatic and colloid
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Anb3uffEbBw
216
____ ______ pressure: comprises all forces acting on capillary bed
net filtration pressure
217
What is the NFP equation?
NFP = (HPc + OPif) - (HPif + OPc)
218
Net fluid flow out at arterial ends is considered filtration or reabsorption?
Filtration
219
Net fluid flow in at venous ends is considered filtration or reabsorption?
Reabsorption
220
More fluid leaves at _____ end than is returned at ______ end
Arterial ; venous
221
An _______ is the abnormal increase in amount of interstitial fluid
Edema
222
______ are caused by either an increase in outward pressure or a decrease in inward pressure
Edemas
223
An increase in which type of pressure accelerates fluid loss from blood?
Capillary hydrostatic pressure
224
An increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure could result from what?
Incompetent venous valves, localized blood vessel blockage, congestive heart failure, or high blood volume
225
An increase in which type of pressure can result from an inflammatory response?
Interstitial fluid osmotic pressure
226
Inflammatory responses increases ______ permeability and allows _____ to leak into interstitial fluid
Permeability; proteins
227
Inflammatory responses cause large amounts of fluid to be pulled into our out of interstitial space?
Into
228
A ________ in capillary colloid osmotic pressure hinders fluid return to blood
decrease
229
A decrease in which type of pressure hinders fluid return to blood?
Capillary colloid osmotic pressure (OPc)
230
What is one cause of decrease in OPc?
Hypoproteinemia, low levels of plasma proteins caused by malnutrition, liver disease, or glomurelonephritis ( loss of plasma proteins from kidneys)
231
What is glomerulonephritis?
Loss of plasma proteins from kidneys
232
Capillary HP pushes fluid out/into capillary
Out of
233
Interstitial HP pushes fluid out/into capillary?
pushes into capillary
234
Capillary OP pulls fluid into or out of capillary?
Pulls fluid into capillary
235
Interstitial OP pulls fluid into or out of capillary?
Pulls fluid out of capillary INTO interstitial fluid
