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Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE > Ch.22 Respiratory system (and end of ch.21) > Flashcards

Ch.22 Respiratory system (and end of ch.21) Flashcards

1
Q

“This system supplies the body with O2 for cellular respiration and disposes of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration.: What does this describe?

A

The respiratory system

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2
Q

The respiratory system is closely related with the ______ system

A

circulatory

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3
Q

The _______ system also functions in olfaction and speech

A

respiratory

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4
Q

What are the four phases of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation.
  2. External respiration
  3. Transport of gases
  4. Internal respiration
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5
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

The movement of air into and out of the lungs

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6
Q

What is external respiration?

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and blood

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7
Q

What is the transport phase in the respiratory system?

A

It is the transportation of O2 and CO2 in the blood

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8
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues

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9
Q

Try to name the organs of the respiratory system. Hint: 7

A
  • Nose/nasal cavity
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi+branches
  • Lungs and alveoli
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10
Q

Which organs make up the upper respiratory system?

A

Nose and nasal cavity, para nasal sinuses, and the pharynx

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11
Q

Which organs make up the lower resp. system?

A
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi and branches
  • Lungs and alveoli
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12
Q

The _____ is the only external portion of the respiratory system

A

Nose

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13
Q

“Provides an airway for respiration” This is a function of the _____

A

nose

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14
Q

“Moistens and warms entering air” this is a function of the ____

A

Nose

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15
Q

“Filters and cleans inspired air” this is a function of the _____

A

nose

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16
Q

“Serves as resonating chamber for speech” this is a function of the _____

A

nose

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17
Q

Which respiratory organ houses olfactory receptors?

A

Nose

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18
Q

What is the other name for the nostrils?

A

Nares

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19
Q

Which part of the nose is bounded laterally by alae?

A

Nostrils

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20
Q

Which type of cartilage makes up the nose?

A

Hyaline

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21
Q

The ____ _____ is found within the skull

A

nasal cavity

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22
Q

The ____ _____ is divided by the midline nasal septum

A

Nasal cavity

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23
Q

Where is the opening where the nasal cavity turns into the nasopharynx?

A

The posterior nasal apertures

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24
Q

The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by the ______ and _____ bones

A

Ethmoid and sphenoid

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25
Q

The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the hard and soft _____

A

palate

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26
Q

Is the hard palate bone or muscle?

A

bone

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27
Q

Is the soft palate bone or muscle?

A

Muscle

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28
Q

Where is the nasal vestibule?

A

In the nasal cavity superior to the nostrils

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29
Q

The nasal vestibule is lined with ______ that filter coarse particles from inspired air

A

Vibrissae (hairs)

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30
Q

Besides vibrissae, the rest of the nasal cavity is lined with _____ membranes

A

mucous

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31
Q

The _____ _____ lines the superior region of the nasal cavity and contains olfactory epithelium

A

Olfactory mucosa

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32
Q

The olfactory mucosa lines the superior region of the nasal cavity and contains ______ ______

A

olfactory epithelium

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33
Q

What is respiratory mucosa and where does it rest?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells and rest on the lamina propria that contains many seromucous nasal glands

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34
Q

Respiratory mucosa is ________ ciliated columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells

A

Pseudostratified

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35
Q

Does respiratory mucosa contain cilia?

A

Yes

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36
Q

____ ______ are found in the seromucous nasal glands that secret watery fluid containing enzymes

A

Serous cells

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37
Q

Serous cells and _____ contain lysozyme and defensins

A

mucous

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38
Q

Which cells sweep contaminated mucus posteriorly towards the throat?

A

Ciliated cells

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39
Q

How is inspired air warmed?

A

Inspired air is warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins in the nasal cavity

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40
Q

____ ____ contains many sensory nerve endings that can cause sneezing to force particles out of the cavity

A

Nasal mucosa

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41
Q

The _____ is a funnel-shaped muscular tube that runs from the base of the skull to C6

A

Pharynx

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42
Q

The _____ connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus

A

Pharynx

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43
Q

Which type of muscle is the pharynx composed of?

A

Skeletal

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44
Q

What are the three regions of the pharynx?

A

Naso, Oro, and Laryn

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45
Q

______ _____ is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood

A

External respiration

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46
Q

Which process is the exchange of O2 and Co2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues, Internal or external?

A

Internal

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47
Q

During inhalation, _____ and ____ _____ filter, heat, and moisten air

A

Conchae and nasal mucosa

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48
Q

During exhalation, which two structures reclaim heat and moisture?

A

Conchae and nasal mucosa

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49
Q

“Provides an airway for respiration” this describes the ____

A

nose

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50
Q

“Moistens and warms entering air” this describes the ____

A

Nose

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51
Q

“filters and cleans inspired air” this describes the ____

A

Nose

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52
Q

“Serves as resonating chamber for speech”

A

Nose

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53
Q

“Houses olfactory receptors”

A

Nose

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54
Q

What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A

Lighten skull, secrete mucus, help to warm and moisten air

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55
Q

Where are the paranasal sinuses located?

A

In the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

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56
Q

_____ is the inflammation of nasal mucosa

A

Rhinitis

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57
Q

____ _____ is continuous with mucosa of the respiratory tract, so infections spread from nose to throat to chest

A

Nasal mucosa

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58
Q

_____ can also spread to tear ducts and paranasal sinuses, causing blockage of sinus passageways, resulting in sinusitis

A

Rhinitis

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59
Q

_____ can lead to absorption of air, producing a vacuum, resulting in a sinus headache

A

Sinusitis

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60
Q

The ____ runs from the base of skull to vertebra C6

A

Pharynx

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61
Q

The ____ connects the nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus

A

Pharynx

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62
Q

What is the pharynx composed of?

A

Skeletal muscle

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63
Q

When ____ are chronically enlarged, both speech and sleep may be disturbed

A

adenoids

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64
Q

Infected and swollen _____ can block air passage in nasopharynx, making it necessary to breathe through mouth

A

Adenoids

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65
Q

Swollen ______ result in air not properly moistened, warmed, or filtered before reaching the lungs

A

Adenoids

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66
Q

The lower resp. system consists of the ______, ______, ____, and lungs

A

Larynx, trachea, bronchi,

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67
Q

The lower resp. system is broken up into two zones. What are they?

A

Respiratory and conducting zone

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68
Q

The _____ zone of the lower resp. system is the site of gas exchange

A

Respiratory

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69
Q

The ____ zone consists of microscopic structures such as respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

A

Respiratory

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70
Q

The ____ zone of the lower resp. system: conduits that transport gas to and from exchange sites

A

conducting

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71
Q

The _____ zone cleanses, warms, and humidifies air

A

Conducting

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72
Q

What structure is also called the voice box?

A

Larynx

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73
Q

The ____ extends from the 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra and attaches to the hyoid bone

A

Larynx

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74
Q

“Provides patent airway” this is a function of the _____

A

Larynx

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75
Q

“Routes air and food into proper channels” this is a function of the _____

A

Larynx

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76
Q

“Voice production–houses vocal folds” this is a function of the _____

A

Larynx

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77
Q

The epiglottis consists of ____ cartilage

A

Elastic

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78
Q

The _____ covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing

A

epiglottis

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79
Q

The _____ is covered in taste bud–containing mucosa

A

Epiglottis

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80
Q

The _____ ____ may act as sphincter to prevent air passage

A

Vocal folds

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81
Q

______ is the inflammation of the vocal folds that causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with vibrations

A

Laryngitis

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82
Q

_____ results in changes to vocal tone, causing hoarseness; in severe cases, speaking is limited to a whisper

A

Laryngitis

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83
Q

What is laryngitis most often caused by?

A

Viral infections…but may also be due to overuse of the voice, dry air, bacterial infections, tumors on the vocal folds, or inhalation of irritating chemicals

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84
Q

The _____ extends from the larynx into mediastinum, where it then divides into two main bronchi

A

trachea

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85
Q

The trachea is composed of __ layers

A

3

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86
Q

The _____ layer of the trachea has ciliated psuedostratified epithelium with goblet cells

A

Mucosa

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87
Q

“about four inches long, 3/4 an inch in diameter, and very flexible”

A

Trachea

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88
Q

The _____ consists of smooth muscle fibers that connect posterior parts of cartilage rings

A

treachealis

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89
Q

The ______ contracts during coughing to expel mucus

A

trachealis

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90
Q

The _____ is the last tracheal cartilage that is expanded and found at the point where the trachea branches into the main two bronchi

A

Carina

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91
Q

The ____ of the carina is highly sensitive

A

Mucosa

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92
Q

What are the three layers of the trachea?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, and hyaline cartilage

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93
Q

Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching. The branching is referred to as _____ ______

A

bronchial tree

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94
Q

Where does the respiratory zone begin?

A

Where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles, which lead to alveolar ducts and finally into alveolar sacs

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95
Q

The ______ membrane is a blood air barrier that consists of alveolar and capillary walls along with their fused basement membranes

A

Respiratory

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96
Q

The ______ _____ is very thin (0.5um) and allows for simple diffusion of gas exchange

A

respiratory membrane

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97
Q

Scattered cuboidal type __ alveolar cells secrete _____ and antimicrobial proteins

A

II secrete surfactant

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98
Q

Which type of tissue do alveolar walls consist of?

A

Single layer of squamous epithelium

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99
Q

Why is the left lung smaller than the right?

A

Because of the position of the heart

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100
Q

____ _____: the concavity for heart to fit into

A

cardiac notch

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101
Q

Each lobe of the lungs can be divided into ________ segments

A

bronchopulmonary

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102
Q

There are ___ segments on the right lung and __-__ on the left lung (bronchopulmonary segments)

A

10 on right and 8-10 on left

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103
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments are separated by connective tissue called ____

A

septa

104
Q

______ are the smallest subdivisions visible to naked eye; hexagonal segments served by bronchioles and their branches

A

lobules

105
Q

The lungs are mostly composed of _____; the rest consist of stroma, elastic connective tissue

A

Alveoli

106
Q

What does stroma of the lungs do?

A

Makes lungs very elastic and spongy

107
Q

The _____ is a thin, double layered serosal membrane that divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum

A

The Pleurae

108
Q

Which layer of the pleura is the membrane on the lung surface?

A

Visceral

109
Q

Which layer of the pleura is the membrane on the thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around the heart, and between the lungs

A

Parietal

110
Q

The pleurae is made up of the _______ pleura and the _____ pleura

A

Parietal and visceral

111
Q

______ is inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia

A

Pleurisy

112
Q

______ is when inflamed pleurae becomes brought, resulting in friction and stabbing with each breath

A

Pleurisy

113
Q

With ______, pleurae may produce excessive amounts of fluid, which amy exert pressure on the lungs, hindering breathing

A

Pleurisy

114
Q

What other fluids can accumulate in the pleural cavity?

A

Blood, leaked from damaged blood vessels. Blood filtrate, watery fluid that oozes from lung capillaries when left-sided heart failure occurs

115
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

Fluid accumulation in pleural cavity

116
Q

__ cells provide defense against intracellular antigens

A

T

117
Q

T cells provide defense against _______ antigens

A

Intracellular

118
Q

Some T cells directly kill cells; others release chemicals that regulate the immune response. T or F

A

True

119
Q

What determines which population of T cells will be present?

A

Depends on which cell differentiation glycoprotein receptors are displayed on their surface

120
Q

CD__ cells become helper T cells

A

CD4

121
Q

CD4 cells become _____ T cells

A

helper

122
Q

Helper T cells activate __ cells, other T cells, and macrophages; direct adaptive immune response

A

B

123
Q

CD4 cells also become memory T cells?

A

Yes

124
Q

CD8 cells become ______ T cells

A

Cytotoxic

125
Q

CD__ cells become cytotoxic T cells

A

8

126
Q

_____, _____, and regulatory T cells are activated T cells

A

Helper and cytotoxic

127
Q

Can CD8 cells become memory cells?

A

Yes

128
Q

What are naive T cells called?

A

CD4 or CD8 cells

129
Q

What are Cytotoxic T cells capable of?

A

Destroying cells harboring foreign antigens

130
Q

T cells respond only to what?

A

They respond only to processed fragments of antigens displayed on surfaces of cells by major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC)

131
Q

Which T cells activate both humoral and cellular arms?

A

Helper

132
Q

Once primed by APC presentation of antigen, the ____ T cells help activate B cells and other T cells

A

helper

133
Q

“Induce T and B cell proliferation” this is a function of _____ T cells

A

Helper

134
Q

“Secrete cytokines that recruit other immune cells” this is a function of ____ T cells

A

Helper

135
Q

“Directly attack and kill other cells” this is a function of ____ T cells

A

Cytotoxic

136
Q

Activated ____ T cells circulate the blood and lymph and lymph organs in search of body cells displaying antigen they recognize

A

Cytotoxic

137
Q

What are cytotoxic T cells looking for as they float in the lymph and blood?

A

In search of body cells displaying antigens they recognize

138
Q

Activated cytotoxic T cells target:

A

Virus infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites, cancer cells, and foreign cells ( transfusions or transplants)

139
Q

______ disease results when the immune system loses the ability to distinguish self from foreign

A

Autoimmune disease

140
Q

________: production of auto-antibodies and sensitized Tc cells that destroy body tissues

A

Autoimmunity

141
Q

What is the treatment for autoimmune diseases?

A

Anti-inflammatroy drugs such as corticosteroids, blocking the cytokine action, and blocking co-stimulatory molecules

142
Q

List examples of autoimmune diseased

A

Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis ( destroys white matter myelin), and Type 1 diabetes mellitus (destroys pancreatic cells)

143
Q

What is immediate hypersensitivity?

A

Allergies that begin in seconds after contact with allergen, antigen that causes allergic reaction. The initial contact is asymptomatic but it sensitizes the person

144
Q

What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?

A

Inspiration and Expiration

145
Q

_____ is the phase where gases flow into lungs, and ______ is the phase where gases exit the lungs

A

Inspiration; expiration

146
Q

Inspiration is the phase where gases exit the lungs. T or F

A

False

147
Q

________ is the pressure exerted by air surrounding the body

A

Atmospheric pressure

148
Q

What is the Patm at sea level?

A

1atm or 760mmHg

149
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure in the ______ and it fluctuates with breathing

A

alveoli

150
Q

What is the symbol for intrapulmonary pressure?

A

Ppul

151
Q

Respiratory pressures are described relative to P__

A

Patm

152
Q

If you have negative respiratory pressure, it is written as what?

A

Less than Patm ( i.e Ppul < Patm)

153
Q

> Patm is ________ respiratory pressure

A

Positive

154
Q

= Patm is ________ respiratory pressure

A

Zero

155
Q

< Patm is _______ respiratory pressure

A

Negative

156
Q

Intrapleural pressure (Pip) is always a negative or positive pressure?

A

Negative ( must be LESS than Patm and Ppul or lungs will collapse)

157
Q

“Intrapleural pressure is always a negative pressure” T or F

A

True

158
Q

Intrapleural pressure is usually always ___ mmhm less than Ppul

A

4

159
Q

If fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity which respiratory pressure occurs?

A

Positive pressure occurs

160
Q

What is transpulmonary pressure?

A

It is the pressure that keeps the lung spaces open

161
Q

The greater the _______ pressure, the larger the lungs will be

A

Transpulmonary

162
Q

How do you find transpulmonary pressure?

A

Ppul-Pip (intrapulmonary pressure minus intrapleural pressure)

163
Q

List the conditions in which the lungs would collapse

A

If Pip = Ppul or if Pip = Patm

164
Q

_______ Pip must be maintained to keep lungs inflated

A

negative

165
Q

“negative” is considered anything below _____ mmhg, and not just a number below zero

A

760

166
Q

_______ is lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles

A

Atelectasis

167
Q

_____ is lung collapse due to pneumothorax

A

Atelectasis

168
Q

______ can occur from wounds in either the parietal or visceral layer

A

Pneumothorax

169
Q

______ is air in the pleural cavity

A

Pneumothorax

170
Q

What is Boyle’s law?

A

The relationship between pressure and volume. They are inversely proportional to each other.

171
Q

What is the formula for Boyle’s law?

A

P1, V1 = P2, V2

172
Q

__ mmhm difference is sufficient enough to move 500mL of air

A

2

173
Q

What is the relationship between Flow, pressure, and resistance?

A

F = deltaP divided by R

174
Q

_____ is a major source of resistance to gas flow

A

Friction

175
Q

DeltaP is the pressure gradient between atmosphere and ____ (2mmhg or less during normal, quiet breathing)

A

alveoli

176
Q

Gas flow changes inversely with _____

A

resistance

177
Q

_____ ______: the attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a gas-liquid interface

A

surface tension

178
Q

Does water have a high surface tension?

A

Yes

179
Q

Water, which has very high surface tension, coats ______ walls in a thin film. This causes them to shrink to smallest size, and they in turn collapse

A

Alveolar

180
Q

______ is the body’s detergent-like lipid and protein complex that helps reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid

A

Surfactant

181
Q

Dalton’s law of _______ pressure: total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is equal to sum of pressures exerted by each gas

A

partial

182
Q

Gas exchange between lungs and blood, and between blood and tissues, are both subject to what?

A

The basic properties of gases and the composition of alveolar gas

183
Q

Total atmospheric pressure =

A

760mmhg

184
Q

Calculate partial pressure by multiplying X by 760

A

Ex: There is 78.6% nitrogen in the air. The equation would be .786 x 760 = 597mmhg

185
Q

At high altitudes, does partial pressure incline or decline?

A

Decline

186
Q

At lower altitudes, does partial pressure significantly increase or decrease?

A

Increase

187
Q

Which law is the idea that each gas will dissolve in liquid in proportion to its partial pressure?

A

Henry’s

188
Q

_____ is 20x more soluble in water than _____

A

CO2 is 20x more soluble in water than O2

189
Q

What is more soluble in water, O2 or CO2?

A

CO2….20x more soluble

190
Q

Alveoli contains more _____ and water vapor than atmospheric air

A

CO2

191
Q

______ respiration involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes

A

External

192
Q

Pco2 in blood is 45 and Pco2 in alveolus is ____

A

40

193
Q

Po2 in blood is 40 and Po2 in alveolus is _____

A

104

194
Q

The partial gradient for CO2 is _____ steep, while the pressure gradient for O2 is ____ steep.

A

Less; more

195
Q

Although the gradient is not as steep, CO2 still what?

A

CO2 still diffuses in equal amounts with oxygen.

196
Q

Why does CO2 still diffuse in equal amounts with oxygen even though the gradient is not as steep?

A

Co2 is 20x more soluble in plasma and alveolar fluid than oxygen

197
Q

Are respiratory membranes thick or thin?

A

Thin…. 0.5-1um

198
Q

The large total surface area of alveoli is ___x the surface area of the skin

A

40x

199
Q

Effective thickness of respiratory membrane increases dramatically when…..

A

When the lungs become waterlogged and edematous (seen in pneumonia)

200
Q

Certain ______ ______ drastically reduce alveolar surface area

A

pulmonary diseases

201
Q

Tumors, mucus, or inflammatory material also reduce surface area by blocking gas flow into _____

A

alveoli

202
Q

Partial pressures and diffusion gradients for internal respiration are reversed or similar to external?

A

Reversed

203
Q

In external respiration, O2 is lower in the blood and higher in the alveolus. Knowing this, what is the Po2 gradient like for internal respiration between blood and tissue?

A

Po2 in arterial blood is higher than in tissue, so o2 will diffuse into the tissue.

204
Q

Tissue Pco2 is always ______ than arterial blood Pco2

A

higher

205
Q

What is the average mmhg between Tissue Pco2 and Blood Pco2?

A

45 in the tissue and 40 in the blood so CO2 diffuses into blood

206
Q

What is the average mmhm between Blood O2 and Tissue O2?

A

40 in the tissue and 100 in the blood so O2 diffuses into the tissue

207
Q

Venous blood returning to heart has a Po2 of ____mmhg and a Pco2 of _____mmhg

A

40 and 45

208
Q

What are the two ways O2 is carried in the blood?

A

1.5% is dissolved in plasma, and 98.5% is loosely bound to each Fe of hemoglobin

209
Q

Each Hb molecule is composed of ____ polypeptide chains, each with an iron-containing heme group

A

4

210
Q

Each Hb can transport _____ o2 molecules

A

4

211
Q

What is the name of the hemoglobin-oxygen combination?

A

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

212
Q

What is the name for reduced hemoglobin? (Hemoglobin that has released O2)

A

Deoxyhemoglobin (HHb)

213
Q

Loading and unloading of O2 is facilitated by a change in shape of the ______

A

hemoglobin

214
Q

As O2 binds, Hb changes shape, increasing its affinity for O2. True or F

A

True

215
Q

As O2 is released, the Hb shape causes an increase in affinity for O2. T or F

A

False, decreases its affinity

216
Q

When only one to three hemes carry O2, this is called _______ saturated

A

partially

217
Q

When all four heme groups carry O2, this is called continuously saturated. T or F

A

F. Called fully saturated

218
Q

Does Po2 influence hemoglobin saturation?

A

yes (Altitude)

219
Q

Besides the partial pressure of oxygen, what other factors influence hemoglobin saturation?

A

Temperature, blood Ph, and Pco2

220
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

Inadequate O2 delivery to tissues

221
Q

What does hypoxia result in?

A

Cyanosis (blue tissue)

222
Q

The inadequate delivery to O2 in the tissues is called ______

A

Hypoxia

223
Q

Hypoxia can be based on ______ hypoxia: too few RBCS, abnormal cells, or too little Hb

A

anemic

224
Q

Hypoxia can be based on ______ hypoxia: impaired or blocked circulation

A

Ischemic

225
Q

What is histotoxic hypoxia?

A

When the cells are unable to use O2 as in metabolic poisons

226
Q

Hb has a ____x greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen

A

200x

227
Q

What is carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

When too much carbon monoxide poisoning has attached to Hb, resulting in some stuff (symptoms not on slides)

228
Q

What three ways is CO2 transported in the blood?

A

7-10% is dissolved in plasma at Pco2
20% of CO2 is bound to the globin part of hemoglobin
70% is transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma

229
Q

20% of CO2 is bound to the global part of hemoglobin. this is referred to as ______

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

230
Q

The formation of bicarbonate involves CO2 combining with water to form ______ ______, which quickly dissociates into bicarbonate and H+

A

carbonic acid

231
Q

The formation of bicarbonate occurs primarily in _______, where the enzyme carbonic anhydrase reversibly and rapidly catalyzes this reaction(looses H+ ion)

A

RBC’s

232
Q

After HCO3- is created, it quickly diffuses from RBCS into the _____

A

plasma

233
Q

The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system helps blood resist changes in ____

A

pH

234
Q

Changes in respiratory rate and depth affect blood ___

A

pH

235
Q

Rapid, deep breathing causes a decrease in ____ in the blood, resulting in a rise in pH

A

CO2

236
Q

Why is the influence of Pco2 most closely controlled?

A

Because it is the most potent and if the levels rise too high, hypercapnia occurs (Co2 accumulates in brain and joins with water to become carbonic acid)

237
Q

_______ : increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds body’s need to remove CO2

A

hyperventilation (can be caused by anxiety attacks)

238
Q

Hyperventilation leads to decreased CO2 levels. This causes cerebral vasoconstriction and cerebral ischemia, resulting in dizziness and fainting. What is the treatment?

A

Breathing into a paper bag to increase CO2 levels being inspired

239
Q

What triggers motion sickness?

A

Quickly traveling to altitudes above 2400 meters

240
Q

_______: respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments are made with long-term moves to high altitude

A

acclimatization

241
Q

Are atmospheric pressure and Po2 levels lower at higher elevations?

A

Yes

242
Q

What are the symptoms of being at a higher alt?

A

Shortness of breath, headaches, nausea, and dizziness

243
Q

What happens in severe cases of high altitude sickness?

A

cerebral and pulmonary edema

244
Q

For acclimatization, the decline in O2 stimulates the kidneys to accelerate the production of ______. RBC numbers increase slowly to provide long term compensation

A

EPO

245
Q

COPD are exemplified by _______ and chronic______

A

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

246
Q

______: permanent enlargement of alveoli and destruction of alveolar walls result in decreased lung elasticity

A

emphysema

247
Q

Hereditary factors for emphysema include alpha-1 _______ deficiency

A

antitrypsin

248
Q

_____ is sometimes classified as COPD, but episodes are acute, not chronic, with symptom free periods

A

Asthma

249
Q

Infectious diseased caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis is called _________

A

tuberculosis

250
Q

What is the treatment for TB

A

12 month course of antibiotics

251
Q

Symptoms of TB?

A

Fever, night sweats, weight loss, racking cough, coughing up blood

252
Q

Does chronic bronchitis result in obstructed airways that impair lung ventilation and gas exchange?

A

Yes

253
Q

What is the main symptom of chronic bronchitis?

A

frequent pulmonary infections

254
Q

What are risk factors of Chronic bronchitis?

A

Smoking and environmental pollutants

255
Q

Treatment of COPD?

A

Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen, and sometimes lung volume reduction surgery. O2 must be administered carefully.

Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE (18 decks)

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