Ch.22 Respiratory system (and end of ch.21) Flashcards
1
Q
“This system supplies the body with O2 for cellular respiration and disposes of CO2, a waste product of cellular respiration.: What does this describe?
A
The respiratory system
2
Q
The respiratory system is closely related with the ______ system
A
circulatory
3
Q
The _______ system also functions in olfaction and speech
A
respiratory
4
Q
What are the four phases of the respiratory system?
A
- Pulmonary ventilation.
- External respiration
- Transport of gases
- Internal respiration
5
Q
What is pulmonary ventilation?
A
The movement of air into and out of the lungs
6
Q
What is external respiration?
A
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and blood
7
Q
What is the transport phase in the respiratory system?
A
It is the transportation of O2 and CO2 in the blood
8
Q
What is internal respiration?
A
The exchange of O2 and CO2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues
9
Q
Try to name the organs of the respiratory system. Hint: 7
A
- Nose/nasal cavity
- Paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi+branches
- Lungs and alveoli
10
Q
Which organs make up the upper respiratory system?
A
Nose and nasal cavity, para nasal sinuses, and the pharynx
11
Q
Which organs make up the lower resp. system?
A
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi and branches
- Lungs and alveoli
12
Q
The _____ is the only external portion of the respiratory system
A
Nose
13
Q
“Provides an airway for respiration” This is a function of the _____
A
nose
14
Q
“Moistens and warms entering air” this is a function of the ____
A
Nose
15
Q
“Filters and cleans inspired air” this is a function of the _____
A
nose
16
Q
“Serves as resonating chamber for speech” this is a function of the _____
A
nose
17
Q
Which respiratory organ houses olfactory receptors?
A
Nose
18
Q
What is the other name for the nostrils?
A
Nares
19
Q
Which part of the nose is bounded laterally by alae?
A
Nostrils
20
Q
Which type of cartilage makes up the nose?
A
Hyaline
21
Q
The ____ _____ is found within the skull
A
nasal cavity
22
Q
The ____ _____ is divided by the midline nasal septum
A
Nasal cavity
23
Q
Where is the opening where the nasal cavity turns into the nasopharynx?
A
The posterior nasal apertures
24
Q
The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by the ______ and _____ bones
A
Ethmoid and sphenoid
25
The floor of the nasal cavity is formed by the hard and soft _____
palate
26
Is the hard palate bone or muscle?
bone
27
Is the soft palate bone or muscle?
Muscle
28
Where is the nasal vestibule?
In the nasal cavity superior to the nostrils
29
The nasal vestibule is lined with ______ that filter coarse particles from inspired air
Vibrissae (hairs)
30
Besides vibrissae, the rest of the nasal cavity is lined with _____ membranes
mucous
31
The _____ _____ lines the superior region of the nasal cavity and contains olfactory epithelium
Olfactory mucosa
32
The olfactory mucosa lines the superior region of the nasal cavity and contains ______ ______
olfactory epithelium
33
What is respiratory mucosa and where does it rest?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells and rest on the lamina propria that contains many seromucous nasal glands
34
Respiratory mucosa is ________ ciliated columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells
Pseudostratified
35
Does respiratory mucosa contain cilia?
Yes
36
____ ______ are found in the seromucous nasal glands that secret watery fluid containing enzymes
Serous cells
37
Serous cells and _____ contain lysozyme and defensins
mucous
38
Which cells sweep contaminated mucus posteriorly towards the throat?
Ciliated cells
39
How is inspired air warmed?
Inspired air is warmed by plexuses of capillaries and veins in the nasal cavity
40
____ ____ contains many sensory nerve endings that can cause sneezing to force particles out of the cavity
Nasal mucosa
41
The _____ is a funnel-shaped muscular tube that runs from the base of the skull to C6
Pharynx
42
The _____ connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus
Pharynx
43
Which type of muscle is the pharynx composed of?
Skeletal
44
What are the three regions of the pharynx?
Naso, Oro, and Laryn
45
______ _____ is the exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
External respiration
46
Which process is the exchange of O2 and Co2 between systemic blood vessels and tissues, Internal or external?
Internal
47
During inhalation, _____ and ____ _____ filter, heat, and moisten air
Conchae and nasal mucosa
48
During exhalation, which two structures reclaim heat and moisture?
Conchae and nasal mucosa
49
"Provides an airway for respiration" this describes the ____
nose
50
"Moistens and warms entering air" this describes the ____
Nose
51
"filters and cleans inspired air" this describes the ____
Nose
52
"Serves as resonating chamber for speech"
Nose
53
"Houses olfactory receptors"
Nose
54
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
Lighten skull, secrete mucus, help to warm and moisten air
55
Where are the paranasal sinuses located?
In the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
56
_____ is the inflammation of nasal mucosa
Rhinitis
57
____ _____ is continuous with mucosa of the respiratory tract, so infections spread from nose to throat to chest
Nasal mucosa
58
_____ can also spread to tear ducts and paranasal sinuses, causing blockage of sinus passageways, resulting in sinusitis
Rhinitis
59
_____ can lead to absorption of air, producing a vacuum, resulting in a sinus headache
Sinusitis
60
The ____ runs from the base of skull to vertebra C6
Pharynx
61
The ____ connects the nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
Pharynx
62
What is the pharynx composed of?
Skeletal muscle
63
When ____ are chronically enlarged, both speech and sleep may be disturbed
adenoids
64
Infected and swollen _____ can block air passage in nasopharynx, making it necessary to breathe through mouth
Adenoids
65
Swollen ______ result in air not properly moistened, warmed, or filtered before reaching the lungs
Adenoids
66
The lower resp. system consists of the ______, ______, ____, and lungs
Larynx, trachea, bronchi,
67
The lower resp. system is broken up into two zones. What are they?
Respiratory and conducting zone
68
The _____ zone of the lower resp. system is the site of gas exchange
Respiratory
69
The ____ zone consists of microscopic structures such as respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Respiratory
70
The ____ zone of the lower resp. system: conduits that transport gas to and from exchange sites
conducting
71
The _____ zone cleanses, warms, and humidifies air
Conducting
72
What structure is also called the voice box?
Larynx
73
The ____ extends from the 3rd to 6th cervical vertebra and attaches to the hyoid bone
Larynx
74
"Provides patent airway" this is a function of the _____
Larynx
75
"Routes air and food into proper channels" this is a function of the _____
Larynx
76
"Voice production--houses vocal folds" this is a function of the _____
Larynx
77
The epiglottis consists of ____ cartilage
Elastic
78
The _____ covers the laryngeal inlet during swallowing
epiglottis
79
The _____ is covered in taste bud--containing mucosa
Epiglottis
80
The _____ ____ may act as sphincter to prevent air passage
Vocal folds
81
______ is the inflammation of the vocal folds that causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with vibrations
Laryngitis
82
_____ results in changes to vocal tone, causing hoarseness; in severe cases, speaking is limited to a whisper
Laryngitis
83
What is laryngitis most often caused by?
Viral infections...but may also be due to overuse of the voice, dry air, bacterial infections, tumors on the vocal folds, or inhalation of irritating chemicals
84
The _____ extends from the larynx into mediastinum, where it then divides into two main bronchi
trachea
85
The trachea is composed of __ layers
3
86
The _____ layer of the trachea has ciliated psuedostratified epithelium with goblet cells
Mucosa
87
"about four inches long, 3/4 an inch in diameter, and very flexible"
Trachea
88
The _____ consists of smooth muscle fibers that connect posterior parts of cartilage rings
treachealis
89
The ______ contracts during coughing to expel mucus
trachealis
90
The _____ is the last tracheal cartilage that is expanded and found at the point where the trachea branches into the main two bronchi
Carina
91
The ____ of the carina is highly sensitive
Mucosa
92
What are the three layers of the trachea?
Mucosa, submucosa, and hyaline cartilage
93
Air passages undergo 23 orders of branching. The branching is referred to as _____ ______
bronchial tree
94
Where does the respiratory zone begin?
Where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles, which lead to alveolar ducts and finally into alveolar sacs
95
The ______ membrane is a blood air barrier that consists of alveolar and capillary walls along with their fused basement membranes
Respiratory
96
The ______ _____ is very thin (0.5um) and allows for simple diffusion of gas exchange
respiratory membrane
97
Scattered cuboidal type __ alveolar cells secrete _____ and antimicrobial proteins
II secrete surfactant
98
Which type of tissue do alveolar walls consist of?
Single layer of squamous epithelium
99
Why is the left lung smaller than the right?
Because of the position of the heart
100
____ _____: the concavity for heart to fit into
cardiac notch
101
Each lobe of the lungs can be divided into ________ segments
bronchopulmonary
102
There are ___ segments on the right lung and __-__ on the left lung (bronchopulmonary segments)
10 on right and 8-10 on left
103
Bronchopulmonary segments are separated by connective tissue called ____
septa
104
______ are the smallest subdivisions visible to naked eye; hexagonal segments served by bronchioles and their branches
lobules
105
The lungs are mostly composed of _____; the rest consist of stroma, elastic connective tissue
Alveoli
106
What does stroma of the lungs do?
Makes lungs very elastic and spongy
107
The _____ is a thin, double layered serosal membrane that divides the thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum
The Pleurae
108
Which layer of the pleura is the membrane on the lung surface?
Visceral
109
Which layer of the pleura is the membrane on the thoracic wall, superior face of diaphragm, around the heart, and between the lungs
Parietal
110
The pleurae is made up of the _______ pleura and the _____ pleura
Parietal and visceral
111
______ is inflammation of pleurae that often results from pneumonia
Pleurisy
112
______ is when inflamed pleurae becomes brought, resulting in friction and stabbing with each breath
Pleurisy
113
With ______, pleurae may produce excessive amounts of fluid, which amy exert pressure on the lungs, hindering breathing
Pleurisy
114
What other fluids can accumulate in the pleural cavity?
Blood, leaked from damaged blood vessels. Blood filtrate, watery fluid that oozes from lung capillaries when left-sided heart failure occurs
115
What is pleural effusion?
Fluid accumulation in pleural cavity
116
__ cells provide defense against intracellular antigens
T
117
T cells provide defense against _______ antigens
Intracellular
118
Some T cells directly kill cells; others release chemicals that regulate the immune response. T or F
True
119
What determines which population of T cells will be present?
Depends on which cell differentiation glycoprotein receptors are displayed on their surface
120
CD__ cells become helper T cells
CD4
121
CD4 cells become _____ T cells
helper
122
Helper T cells activate __ cells, other T cells, and macrophages; direct adaptive immune response
B
123
CD4 cells also become memory T cells?
Yes
124
CD8 cells become ______ T cells
Cytotoxic
125
CD__ cells become cytotoxic T cells
8
126
_____, _____, and regulatory T cells are activated T cells
Helper and cytotoxic
127
Can CD8 cells become memory cells?
Yes
128
What are naive T cells called?
CD4 or CD8 cells
129
What are Cytotoxic T cells capable of?
Destroying cells harboring foreign antigens
130
T cells respond only to what?
They respond only to processed fragments of antigens displayed on surfaces of cells by major histocompatibility complex proteins (MHC)
131
Which T cells activate both humoral and cellular arms?
Helper
132
Once primed by APC presentation of antigen, the ____ T cells help activate B cells and other T cells
helper
133
"Induce T and B cell proliferation" this is a function of _____ T cells
Helper
134
"Secrete cytokines that recruit other immune cells" this is a function of ____ T cells
Helper
135
"Directly attack and kill other cells" this is a function of ____ T cells
Cytotoxic
136
Activated ____ T cells circulate the blood and lymph and lymph organs in search of body cells displaying antigen they recognize
Cytotoxic
137
What are cytotoxic T cells looking for as they float in the lymph and blood?
In search of body cells displaying antigens they recognize
138
Activated cytotoxic T cells target:
Virus infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites, cancer cells, and foreign cells ( transfusions or transplants)
139
______ disease results when the immune system loses the ability to distinguish self from foreign
Autoimmune disease
140
________: production of auto-antibodies and sensitized Tc cells that destroy body tissues
Autoimmunity
141
What is the treatment for autoimmune diseases?
Anti-inflammatroy drugs such as corticosteroids, blocking the cytokine action, and blocking co-stimulatory molecules
142
List examples of autoimmune diseased
Rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis ( destroys white matter myelin), and Type 1 diabetes mellitus (destroys pancreatic cells)
143
What is immediate hypersensitivity?
Allergies that begin in seconds after contact with allergen, antigen that causes allergic reaction. The initial contact is asymptomatic but it sensitizes the person
144
What are the two phases of pulmonary ventilation?
Inspiration and Expiration
145
_____ is the phase where gases flow into lungs, and ______ is the phase where gases exit the lungs
Inspiration; expiration
146
Inspiration is the phase where gases exit the lungs. T or F
False
147
________ is the pressure exerted by air surrounding the body
Atmospheric pressure
148
What is the Patm at sea level?
1atm or 760mmHg
149
Intrapulmonary pressure is the pressure in the ______ and it fluctuates with breathing
alveoli
150
What is the symbol for intrapulmonary pressure?
Ppul
151
Respiratory pressures are described relative to P__
Patm
152
If you have negative respiratory pressure, it is written as what?
Less than Patm ( i.e Ppul < Patm)
153
> Patm is ________ respiratory pressure
Positive
154
= Patm is ________ respiratory pressure
Zero
155
< Patm is _______ respiratory pressure
Negative
156
Intrapleural pressure (Pip) is always a negative or positive pressure?
Negative ( must be LESS than Patm and Ppul or lungs will collapse)
157
"Intrapleural pressure is always a negative pressure" T or F
True
158
Intrapleural pressure is usually always ___ mmhm less than Ppul
4
159
If fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity which respiratory pressure occurs?
Positive pressure occurs
160
What is transpulmonary pressure?
It is the pressure that keeps the lung spaces open
161
The greater the _______ pressure, the larger the lungs will be
Transpulmonary
162
How do you find transpulmonary pressure?
Ppul-Pip (intrapulmonary pressure minus intrapleural pressure)
163
List the conditions in which the lungs would collapse
If Pip = Ppul or if Pip = Patm
164
_______ Pip must be maintained to keep lungs inflated
negative
165
"negative" is considered anything below _____ mmhg, and not just a number below zero
760
166
_______ is lung collapse due to plugged bronchioles
Atelectasis
167
_____ is lung collapse due to pneumothorax
Atelectasis
168
______ can occur from wounds in either the parietal or visceral layer
Pneumothorax
169
______ is air in the pleural cavity
Pneumothorax
170
What is Boyle's law?
The relationship between pressure and volume. They are inversely proportional to each other.
171
What is the formula for Boyle's law?
P1, V1 = P2, V2
172
__ mmhm difference is sufficient enough to move 500mL of air
2
173
What is the relationship between Flow, pressure, and resistance?
F = deltaP divided by R
174
_____ is a major source of resistance to gas flow
Friction
175
DeltaP is the pressure gradient between atmosphere and ____ (2mmhg or less during normal, quiet breathing)
alveoli
176
Gas flow changes inversely with _____
resistance
177
_____ ______: the attraction of liquid molecules to one another at a gas-liquid interface
surface tension
178
Does water have a high surface tension?
Yes
179
Water, which has very high surface tension, coats ______ walls in a thin film. This causes them to shrink to smallest size, and they in turn collapse
Alveolar
180
______ is the body's detergent-like lipid and protein complex that helps reduce surface tension of alveolar fluid
Surfactant
181
Dalton's law of _______ pressure: total pressure exerted by mixture of gases is equal to sum of pressures exerted by each gas
partial
182
Gas exchange between lungs and blood, and between blood and tissues, are both subject to what?
The basic properties of gases and the composition of alveolar gas
183
Total atmospheric pressure =
760mmhg
184
Calculate partial pressure by multiplying X by 760
Ex: There is 78.6% nitrogen in the air. The equation would be .786 x 760 = 597mmhg
185
At high altitudes, does partial pressure incline or decline?
Decline
186
At lower altitudes, does partial pressure significantly increase or decrease?
Increase
187
Which law is the idea that each gas will dissolve in liquid in proportion to its partial pressure?
Henry's
188
_____ is 20x more soluble in water than _____
CO2 is 20x more soluble in water than O2
189
What is more soluble in water, O2 or CO2?
CO2....20x more soluble
190
Alveoli contains more _____ and water vapor than atmospheric air
CO2
191
______ respiration involves the exchange of O2 and CO2 across respiratory membranes
External
192
Pco2 in blood is 45 and Pco2 in alveolus is ____
40
193
Po2 in blood is 40 and Po2 in alveolus is _____
104
194
The partial gradient for CO2 is _____ steep, while the pressure gradient for O2 is ____ steep.
Less; more
195
Although the gradient is not as steep, CO2 still what?
CO2 still diffuses in equal amounts with oxygen.
196
Why does CO2 still diffuse in equal amounts with oxygen even though the gradient is not as steep?
Co2 is 20x more soluble in plasma and alveolar fluid than oxygen
197
Are respiratory membranes thick or thin?
Thin.... 0.5-1um
198
The large total surface area of alveoli is ___x the surface area of the skin
40x
199
Effective thickness of respiratory membrane increases dramatically when.....
When the lungs become waterlogged and edematous (seen in pneumonia)
200
Certain ______ ______ drastically reduce alveolar surface area
pulmonary diseases
201
Tumors, mucus, or inflammatory material also reduce surface area by blocking gas flow into _____
alveoli
202
Partial pressures and diffusion gradients for internal respiration are reversed or similar to external?
Reversed
203
In external respiration, O2 is lower in the blood and higher in the alveolus. Knowing this, what is the Po2 gradient like for internal respiration between blood and tissue?
Po2 in arterial blood is higher than in tissue, so o2 will diffuse into the tissue.
204
Tissue Pco2 is always ______ than arterial blood Pco2
higher
205
What is the average mmhg between Tissue Pco2 and Blood Pco2?
45 in the tissue and 40 in the blood so CO2 diffuses into blood
206
What is the average mmhm between Blood O2 and Tissue O2?
40 in the tissue and 100 in the blood so O2 diffuses into the tissue
207
Venous blood returning to heart has a Po2 of ____mmhg and a Pco2 of _____mmhg
40 and 45
208
What are the two ways O2 is carried in the blood?
1.5% is dissolved in plasma, and 98.5% is loosely bound to each Fe of hemoglobin
209
Each Hb molecule is composed of ____ polypeptide chains, each with an iron-containing heme group
4
210
Each Hb can transport _____ o2 molecules
4
211
What is the name of the hemoglobin-oxygen combination?
Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
212
What is the name for reduced hemoglobin? (Hemoglobin that has released O2)
Deoxyhemoglobin (HHb)
213
Loading and unloading of O2 is facilitated by a change in shape of the ______
hemoglobin
214
As O2 binds, Hb changes shape, increasing its affinity for O2. True or F
True
215
As O2 is released, the Hb shape causes an increase in affinity for O2. T or F
False, decreases its affinity
216
When only one to three hemes carry O2, this is called _______ saturated
partially
217
When all four heme groups carry O2, this is called continuously saturated. T or F
F. Called fully saturated
218
Does Po2 influence hemoglobin saturation?
yes (Altitude)
219
Besides the partial pressure of oxygen, what other factors influence hemoglobin saturation?
Temperature, blood Ph, and Pco2
220
What is Hypoxia?
Inadequate O2 delivery to tissues
221
What does hypoxia result in?
Cyanosis (blue tissue)
222
The inadequate delivery to O2 in the tissues is called ______
Hypoxia
223
Hypoxia can be based on ______ hypoxia: too few RBCS, abnormal cells, or too little Hb
anemic
224
Hypoxia can be based on ______ hypoxia: impaired or blocked circulation
Ischemic
225
What is histotoxic hypoxia?
When the cells are unable to use O2 as in metabolic poisons
226
Hb has a ____x greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen
200x
227
What is carbon monoxide poisoning?
When too much carbon monoxide poisoning has attached to Hb, resulting in some stuff (symptoms not on slides)
228
What three ways is CO2 transported in the blood?
7-10% is dissolved in plasma at Pco2
20% of CO2 is bound to the globin part of hemoglobin
70% is transported as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) in plasma
229
20% of CO2 is bound to the global part of hemoglobin. this is referred to as ______
Carbaminohemoglobin
230
The formation of bicarbonate involves CO2 combining with water to form ______ ______, which quickly dissociates into bicarbonate and H+
carbonic acid
231
The formation of bicarbonate occurs primarily in _______, where the enzyme carbonic anhydrase reversibly and rapidly catalyzes this reaction(looses H+ ion)
RBC's
232
After HCO3- is created, it quickly diffuses from RBCS into the _____
plasma
233
The carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system helps blood resist changes in ____
pH
234
Changes in respiratory rate and depth affect blood ___
pH
235
Rapid, deep breathing causes a decrease in ____ in the blood, resulting in a rise in pH
CO2
236
Why is the influence of Pco2 most closely controlled?
Because it is the most potent and if the levels rise too high, hypercapnia occurs (Co2 accumulates in brain and joins with water to become carbonic acid)
237
_______ : increased depth and rate of breathing that exceeds body's need to remove CO2
hyperventilation (can be caused by anxiety attacks)
238
Hyperventilation leads to decreased CO2 levels. This causes cerebral vasoconstriction and cerebral ischemia, resulting in dizziness and fainting. What is the treatment?
Breathing into a paper bag to increase CO2 levels being inspired
239
What triggers motion sickness?
Quickly traveling to altitudes above 2400 meters
240
_______: respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments are made with long-term moves to high altitude
acclimatization
241
Are atmospheric pressure and Po2 levels lower at higher elevations?
Yes
242
What are the symptoms of being at a higher alt?
Shortness of breath, headaches, nausea, and dizziness
243
What happens in severe cases of high altitude sickness?
cerebral and pulmonary edema
244
For acclimatization, the decline in O2 stimulates the kidneys to accelerate the production of ______. RBC numbers increase slowly to provide long term compensation
EPO
245
COPD are exemplified by _______ and chronic______
emphysema and chronic bronchitis
246
______: permanent enlargement of alveoli and destruction of alveolar walls result in decreased lung elasticity
emphysema
247
Hereditary factors for emphysema include alpha-1 _______ deficiency
antitrypsin
248
_____ is sometimes classified as COPD, but episodes are acute, not chronic, with symptom free periods
Asthma
249
Infectious diseased caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis is called _________
tuberculosis
250
What is the treatment for TB
12 month course of antibiotics
251
Symptoms of TB?
Fever, night sweats, weight loss, racking cough, coughing up blood
252
Does chronic bronchitis result in obstructed airways that impair lung ventilation and gas exchange?
Yes
253
What is the main symptom of chronic bronchitis?
frequent pulmonary infections
254
What are risk factors of Chronic bronchitis?
Smoking and environmental pollutants
255
Treatment of COPD?
Bronchodilators, corticosteroids, oxygen, and sometimes lung volume reduction surgery. O2 must be administered carefully.
