Ch. 18: Cardiovascular Flashcards
1
Q
The pulmonary circuit goes from the _____ to the ______
A
Lungs to heart
2
Q
The systemic circuit goes from the ______ to the ____
A
Heart to body
3
Q
____ go to the heart and ____ lead away from the heart
A
Veins; arteries
4
Q
How much does the heart weigh?
A
Less than a pound, or 250-350 grams.
5
Q
Where is the heart located?
A
Two thirds of the heart lean toward the left of the midsternal line
6
Q
______: double walled sac that surrounds the heart and is made up of two layers
A
Pericardium
7
Q
Of the two layers of the pericardium, this layer functions to protect, anchors heart to surrounding structures, and prevents overfilling. Which layer is it?
A
Superficial Fibrous Pericardium
8
Q
Of the two layers of the pericardium, this layer has two more layers called the visceral layer and parietal layer. Which layer is it?
A
Serous Pericardium
9
Q
Of the two layers in the serous pericardium, which one lines the internal surface of the the fibrous pericardium?
A
Parietal layer
10
Q
Of the two layers of the deeper serous pericardium, which one is on the external surface of the heart?
A
Visceral layer
11
Q
What separates the two layers of the two layered serous pericardium?
A
The pericardial cavity
12
Q
What is the function of the pericardial cavity?
A
Decreases friction
13
Q
Inflammation of the pericardium is called _______
A
Pericarditis
14
Q
“Roughens membrane surfaces, causing pericardial friction rub” which heart condition does this describe?
A
Pericarditis
15
Q
_____ _____ is excess fluid that leaks into the pericardial space
A
Cardiac tamponade
16
Q
Which heart condition compresses the hearts pumping ability?
A
Cardiac tamponade
17
Q
What is the treatment for cardiac tamponade?
A
Fluid is drawn out of the cavity with a syringe.
18
Q
What are the three layers of the heart wall?
A
Epicardium, Myocardium, and the Endocardium.
19
Q
The ______ layer of the heart wall has circular or spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells.
A
Myocardium
20
Q
The ______ layer of the heart wall is also known as the cardiac skeleton, crisscrossing with an interlacing layer of connective tissue
A
Myocardium
21
Q
The ____ _____ of the myocardium anchors cardiac muscle fibers, supports great vessels and valves, and limits the spread of action potentials to specific paths
A
Cardiac skeleton
22
Q
The ______ is the innermost layer of the heart wall
A
Endocardium
23
Q
The ______ is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels, lines the heart chambers, and covers the cardiac skeleton of the valves
A
Endocardium
24
Q
During fetal development, what is the fossa ovalis and why does it need to exist?
A
The fossa ovalis is a hole between the two atriums during fetal development so the blood can continue to flow throughout the heart and body while ignoring the lungs. This is because the lungs are not in use until the child is born. Blood has to bypass the non-ventilated lungs.
25
Which surface feature of the heart encircles the junction of atria and ventricles?
Coronary sulcus
26
The coronary sulcus contains which two arteries?
The left and right coronary artery
27
The ______ ______ _____ contains the posterior inter ventricular artery
Posterior inter ventricular sulcus
28
The ____ ______ collects CO2 rich blood from the heart and dumps the blood into the right atrium
Coronary sinus
29
______ are small, thin walled chambers that contribute little to the propulsion of blood
Atriums
30
_____ are appendages that increase atrial volume
Auricles
31
The _____ atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body
Right
32
Which three veins empty into the right atrium?
Superior and inferior vena cava, and the coronary sinus
33
The ______ vena cava returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm
superior
34
The ______ vena cava returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm
inferior
35
The ______ ______ returns deoxygenated blood from from coronary veins into the right atrium
coronary sinus
36
The posterior portion of the right atrium contains ridges formed by _____ _____
pectinate muscles
37
The anterior portion of the right atrium is ____ _____
smooth walled
38
The pectinate muscles of the ____ _____ are only found in the auricles
Left atrium
39
The ____ ____ has four pulmonary veins
Left atrium
40
The ______, also called the discharging chambers, make up most of the volume of the heart
Ventricles
41
The _____ ventricle makes up most of the anterior surface
Right ventricle
42
The ____ ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary trunk
right
43
The _____ ventricle is on the posterior-inferior surface of the heart
left v
44
The _____ _____ are irregular ridges of muscle on the ventricular walls
Trabeculae carneae
45
The _____ muscles project into the ventricular cavity and anchor the chordae tendineae that are attached to the ____ _____
Papillary; heart valves
46
_____ _____ ensure unidirectional blood flow throughout the heart
heart valves
47
_____ _____ open and close in response to pressure changes
Heart valves
48
The two major types of vales are _______ and ______
atrioventricular and semilunar
49
The atrioventricular valves are named the _______ valve (also known as mitral) and the ______ valve
Bicuspid and tricuspid
50
No valves are found between major veins and the atria because? Two reasons.
Inertia of incoming blood prevents blood flow. Heart contractions compress venous openings
51
Which atrioventricular valve is found in the left ventricle?
Bicuspid
52
Which atrioventricular valve is found in the right ventricle?
Tricuspid
53
As the ventricles relax and intraventricular pressure falls, which valves close?
The semilunar valves
54
Which two conditions severely weaken the heart?
Incompetent Valve and Valvular stenosis
55
The heart condition ____ _____ is when the blood flows backwards so the heart repumps the same blood over and over.
Incompetent valve
56
The heart condition ____ _____ characterized as stiff flaps that constrict opening. The heart needs to then exert more force to pump blood.
Valvular stenosis
57
Defective valves can be replaced with ______, ______, or _____ valves
Mechanical, animal, or cadaver.
58
The heart is between the ___ and ___ intercostal space
2nd and 5th
59
Are equal volumes of blood pumped to the pulmonary and systemic circuits?
Yes
60
True or false, the pulmonary circuit is long with high pressure circulation.
False, the pulmonary circuit is short with low-pressure circulation
61
The _____ circuit is long with high friction circulation.
Systemic
62
"Blood loses force as it travels" This describes which circuit?
Systemic
63
When is blood pressure at its highest during the systemic circuit?
It is highest when leaving the left ventricle
64
The heart only receives how much of the body's blood supply?
1/20th
65
The _____ ____ provide additional routes for blood delivery
coronary arteries
66
The ____ ____ cannot compensate for coronary artery occlusion
coronary arteries
67
The ____ coronary artery breaks into the circumflex artery and anterior interventricular artery
left
68
The circumflex and anterior interventricular artery of the left coronary artery do what?
Feed nutrients and oxygen to the heart.
69
The ____ coronary artery feeds the right side of the right, specifically the right ventricle
right
70
What does the coronary sinus do?
Collects the blood rich with oxygen from three main major veins surrounding the heart and dumps that blood into the right atrium
71
____ _____ is insufficient blood flow to the heart muscles from narrowing of the coronary arteries. May cause angina. What happens to the tissue and why?
Angina Pectoris. The tissue dies from lack of o2 and nutrients
72
_______ ____ is from prolonged coronary blockage. Areas of cell death are repaired by noncontractile scar tissue.
Myocardial infarction
73
Describe the physical characteristics of cardiac muscle
Striated, short branched, fat, interconnected
74
____ ____ has one central nucleus
cardiac muscle
75
can cardiac muscle have multiple nuclei?
at most, 2 only.
76
True or false, cardiac muscle cells contain numerous mitochondria that afford resistance to fatigue
True
77
Which organelle within cardiac cells utilizes the most oxygen?
Mitochondria
78
____ in cardiac cells are wider and less numerous
T-tubules
79
_____ only enter cardiac cells once at the Z-disc
T-tubules
80
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is simpler in ____ muscle than in ____ muscle
The SR is simpler cardiac muscle than in the skeletal
81
Cardiac muscle contain multiple ____ junctions
Gap
82
Why does cardiac muscle contain gap junctions?
Gap junctions allow the heart to be a functional syncytium(a single coordinated unit)
83
What keeps myocytes from pulling apart?
Desmosomes
84
____ ____ at the intercalated discs electronically connect myocytes.
gap junctions
85
The intercellular space between cells has connective matrix tissue called ______ that contains numerous capillaries
endomysium
86
"Muscle contraction is preceded by depolarizing action potential" Is this aspect of cardiac muscle a similarity or difference with skeletal muscle?
Similarity
87
"Deep polarization waves travel down t-tubules; causes sarcoplasmic reticulum to release Ca2+" Is this a difference or similarity between cardiac and skeletal muscle?
Similarity
88
What are the two different types of myocytes?
Contractile cells and pacemaker cells
89
Which myocyte makes up 99% of cardiac cells?
Contractile
90
_______ cells: non contractile cells that spontaneously depolarize
pacemaker cells
91
These cells make up 1% of cardiac cells
Pacemaker cells
92
Pacemaker cells are also known as ______ cells
noncontractile cells
93
True or false, cardiac cells cannot be self-excitable.
False; pacemaker cells are self-excitable
94
Pacemaker cells _______ without signal from the brain
depolarize
95
True or false: All cardiomyocytes contract as a unit or none contract at a ll.
True
96
An influx/efflux of calcium from the extracellular fluid triggers Ca2+ release from SR
Influx
97
______ _____ cannot occur in cardiac muscles
Tetanic contractions
98
Which muscle fibers have longer absolute refractory periods, skeletal or cardiac?
Cardiac
99
Having a longer absolute refractory period allows the heart to do what?
Relax and fill as needed in order to be an efficient pump
100
The heart has ____, _____ contractions because rest stops are needed
Short, multiple
101
The heart relies almost exclusively on ______ _______
aerobic respiration
102
The atria walls of the heart are thin because blood is coming into receiving chambers at ____ _____ pressure
low blood
103
What is the intrinsic cardiac conduction system?
A network of non contractile cells that initiate and distribute impulse to coordinate depolarization and contraction of the heart
104
_______ follows depolarization
Contraction
105
Pacemaker cells initiate _____ _____
Action Potential
106
In the first part of action potential via pacemaker cells, which channels are closed, and which channel is slightly open?
K+ channels are closed, sodium is slowly moving, causing the interior to become more positive
107
In the second part of action potential via pacemaker cells, _____ channels open around -40mV, allowing a huge influx of this charged cation
Ca2+
108
In the third part of action potential, Repolarization, ___ channels open, allowing efflux of ____ and cells become more negative
K+
109
-60mV to -40mV is _______ potential (right before depolarization)
pacemaker
110
Defects in the intrinsic conduction system cause what two issues?
Arrhythmia's and Fibrillation
111
______: irregular heart rhythms
Arrhythmia's
112
_______: rapid, irregular heart rhythms
Fibrillation
113
The heartbeat can be modified by the ______ ____ _____ via the medulla oblongata
Automatic nervous system; ANS
114
The _________ center sends signals through the sympathetic trunk to increase both rate and force
Cardio-acceleratory
115
The ________ center: parasympathetic signals via the vagus nerve to decrease rate.
Cardio-inhibitory
116
Which cardiac center inhibits SA and AV nodes via the vagus nerves?
Cardio-inhibitory
117
Contractile muscle fibers make up the bulk of the heart and are responsible for _______
pumping
118
Action Potential in skeletal muscle only lasts 1-2ms. How long does it last in cardiac muscle?
200ms
119
Contractions of skeletal muscle only last 15-100ms. How long does it last in cardiac contractions?
over 200ms
120
What are the benefits of longer AP and contractions?
-Longer refractory periods prevent tetanic contractions. Sustained contractions ensure efficient ejection of blood
121
Systole is the period of heart ______
contraction
122
Diastole is the period of heart ______
relaxation (When you "di", you finally get to relax)
123
The cardiac cycle is when what happens?
Blood flows through the heart during one complete heart beat
124
_______ systole and diastole are followed by _________ systole and diastole
Atrial; ventricular
125
The _____ _____ represents a series of pressure and blood volume changes
cardiac cycle
126
______ events of the hart follow electrical events seen on ECG
Mechanical
127
How many phases are within the cardiac cycle?
3
128
Name the phases of the cardiac cycle 1-3
1. Ventricular filling
2. Ventricular systole
3. Isovolumetric relaxation: early diastole
129
Phase one of the cardiac cycle is: ventricular filling. This is mid-to-late _______
diastole
130
When the ventricular chambers are filling, pressure is ____, and 80% of blood is passively/quickly flowing from atria through open AV valves into the ventricles
low; passively
131
Atrial ________ in phase one triggers atrial ______, pushing the remaining 20% of blood into the ventricle
depolarization triggers atrial systole
132
In phase one, once the blood has filled the ventricles, this is called _____ _____ ___. Why?
End diastolic volume. Volume of blood in each ventricle is at the end of ventricular diastole(relaxation. about to become systole)
133
In phase one, once the depolarization spreads to the ventricles, the atria finish contracting and return to diastole
diastole
134
Phase two of the cardiac cycle is called _____ _____
ventricular systole
135
In phase two, the ______ relax and the ______ begin to contract
atria; ventricle
136
During phase two of the cardiac cycle the rising ventricular pressure causes the closing of the ___ _______
Av valves
137
There are two smaller phases within phase two: Ventricular systole. What are they called?
Isovolumetric contraction phase and the ejection phase
138
2a of ventricular systole, Isovolumetric Contraction, is when all or some valves are closed?
All valves are closed
139
2b of ventricular systole, the ejection phase, is when what happens?
Ventricular pressure exceeds pressure in large arteries, forcing the Semilunar valves open
140
During the injection phase, what is the pressure at in the aorta?
120mmHg
141
"ventricular pressure exceeds pressure in large arteries, forcing the SL valves open" this describes which phase?
Ejection phase within phase two
142
The remaining blood in the ventricles following contraction is known as ____ _____ ____
End systolic volume
143
Phase three of the cardiac cycle is called ______ ______: early diastole
Isovolumetric relaxation
144
Following ventricular repolarization, the _______ are relaxed, the atria are relaxed and already filling
ventricles
145
During the isovolumetric relaxation phase, back flow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary trunk causes what to happen?
The SL valves close
146
During the isovolumetric relaxation phase, when _____ pressure exceeds ______ pressure, the AV valves open and.....
atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure.....the cycle begins again
