Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE > Ch.21 Immune system > Flashcards

Ch.21 Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

The _______ _____ provides resistance to disease

A

immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are two intrinsic systems the immune system is made up of?

A

Innate and Adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The _____ defense system constitutes the first and second lines of defense

A

Innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The innate defense system is considered _______

A

Nonspecific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What areas of the body include the first line of defense?

A

External body membranes: skin and mucosae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What makes up the second line of defense of the innate defense system?

A

Antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the second line of defense of the innate defense system inhibit?

A

Inhibits the spread of invaders: inflammation is the most important mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The ______ (specific) defense system makes up the _____ line of defense

A

The adaptive (specific) defense system makes up the third line of defense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the third line of defense do?

A

Attacks particular foreign substances (takes longer to react than innate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Does the adaptive defense system take longer or quicker to react than innate?

A

Longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Is the immune system a functional or organ system?

A

Functional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Both defense systems release and recognize many of the same ______ _______

A

defensive molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_____ defenses do have specific pathways for certain substances

A

Innate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

______responses release proteins that alter cells of ______ system to foreign molecules

A

Innate alerts adaptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the innate system use the first and second line of defenses for?

A

To stop attacks by pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Surface barriers include _____ and _____ _____, along with their secretions

A

skin and mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Surface barriers are the ______ barrier to most microorganisms

A

physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_____ is resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins

A

Keratin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

________ provide similar mechanical barriers as a surface barrier

A

Mucosae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Skin and mucous membranes produce protective chemicals that _____ or destroy microorganisms

A

inhibit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Acid: acidity of skin and some _____ ______ inhibits growth; called acid mantle

A

Mucous secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Skin and mucous membranes produce protective ______ that inhibit or destroy microorganisms

A

chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

______: lysozyme of saliva, resp. mucus, and lacrimal fluid kills many organisms; answer in stomach kill many microorganisms

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Enzymes: _____ of saliva, respiratory mucus, and _____ fluid kills many microorganisms

A

Lysozyme of saliva; lacrimal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
_____ in the stomach kill many microorganisms
enzymes
26
____: sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract and traps microorganisms
Mucin
27
______: antimicrobial peptides that inhibit microbial growth
Defensins
28
other chemicals: ____ in sebum and _____ in sweat are toxic to some bacteria
lipids in sebum and dermicidin
29
Surface areas breached by nicks or cuts trigger the internal _____ line of defense that protects deeper tissue
Second
30
Many second-line cells have _____ _____ receptors that recognize and bind tightly to structures on microbes, disarming them before they do harm
Pattern recognition
31
______ are white blood cells that ingest an digest foreign invaders
phagocytes
32
______ are the most abundant phagocytes, but die fighting; become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material
Neutrophils
33
_____ develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells; most robust phagocytic cell
Macrophages
34
____ macrophages wander through tissue spaces
Free
35
____ macrophages are permanent residents of some organs
Fixed
36
What's an example of a free macrophage?
Alveolar macrophages
37
What's an example of a fixed macrophage?
Stellate macrophages of the liver, and microglia of the brain
38
What is phagocytosis?
Process when phagocyte recognizes and adheres to pathogens carbohydrate "signature"
39
Some pathogens are not killed with acidified _____ ______ during phagocytosis
lysosomal enzymes
40
Phagocytosis has helper ___ cells which trigger macrophage to produce a respiratory burst, which kills pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes
T cells
41
During phagocytosis, helper T cells trigger macrophage to produce ____ _____which kills pathogens resistant to lysosomal enzymes
respiratory burst
42
Helper T cells cause macrophages to produce respiratory bursts by releasing cell-killing ____ _____
free radicals
43
Helper T cells cause macrophages to produce respiratory bursts by producing ______ _____ (E.g H2O2)
Oxidizing chemicals
44
Helper T cells cause macrophages to produce respiratory bursts by increasing pH and ______ of phagolysosome
osmolarity
45
Non-phagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph can kill ____ and ____ infected cells before adaptive immune system
cancer and virus infected cells
46
What "natural killer" cells kills cancer and virus infected cells before the adaptive immune system is activated?
Non-phagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph
47
Natural killer cells attack cells that lack what?
that lack "self" cell surface receptors
48
Natural killer cells kill by inducing _____ in cancer cells and virus infected cells
apoptosis
49
Natural killer cells secrete chemicals that enhance the _______ response
inflammatory
50
_______ is triggered whenever body tissues are injured
Inflammation
51
List some injuries that cause inflammation
Trauma, heat, irritating chemicals, or infections by microorganisms
52
What are the benefits of inflammation?
Prevents the spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, alerts adaptive immune system, and sets the stage for repair
53
Benefit of inflammation: Prevents spread of damaging agents. T or F?
True
54
Destroys cell debris and pathogens. Is this a benefit of inflammation?
No. Inflammation disposes, not destroys
55
What sets the stage for repair when tissue is injured?
Inflammation
56
What are the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain
57
What is the occasional fifth sign of acute inflammation?
Impairment of function is seen if movement or use of area is hampered
58
______ chemical release: chemicals are released by ECF by injured tissues, immune cells, or blood proteins
Inflammatory
59
What's an example of inflammatory chemical release?
Histamine is released by mast cells
60
Other inflammatory mediators besides histamine include....
Kinins, prostaglandins, and complement.
61
All _______ chemicals cause vasodilation or vasoconstriction of local arterioles?
Inflammatory vasodilation
62
All ______ chemicals make capillaries leaky
inflammatory
63
Many ______ chemicals attract leukocytes to area
inflammatory
64
Vasodilation from inflammatory responses causes what?
Hyperemia: congestion with blood which leads to redness and heat
65
Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability: Increased capillary permeability causes what?
Exudate, fluid containing clotting and factors, to leak into tissue. This results in local swelling. Swelling also pushes on nerve endings, resulting in pain
66
"Pain can also result from release of toxins from bacteria or released prostaglandins and Kinins." T or F?
True
67
What are the benefits of edema?
Surge of fluid in tissue sweeps foreign material into lymphatic vessels for processing in lymph nodes. Also delivers clotting proteins and complement to area
68
Phagocyte mobilization: ______ flood area first and macrophages follow
neutrophils
69
Phagocyte mobilization: If inflammation is due to _____, complement is activated and the adaptive immunity elements arrive
pathogens
70
____ is a creamy yellow mixture of dead neutrophils, tissue/cells and living/dead pathogens
Pus
71
What's an abscess?
When collagen fibers are laid down, the sac of pus is walled down and may need to be surgically drained.
72
Some bacteria, such as ______ _____, resist digestion by macrophages and remain alive inside
tuberculosis bacilli
73
What does tuberculosis bacilli form?
Tumorlike growths called granulomas which are areas of infected macrophages surrounded by uninfected macrophages and outer capsule
74
Does resistant bacteria remain inactive forever?
It can until a persons immunity decreases causing it to become activated and cause disease
75
_______ _____ enhance innate defense by: attacking microorganisms directly or at least hindering their ability to reproduce
antimicrobial proteins
76
What are the most important antimicrobial proteins?
Interferons and complement proteins
77
Interferons and complement proteins are the most important ________ proteins
animicrobial

Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions