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Medical Term. Ch12-Ch22, Vocab. & Abbv. > Ch21 Vocab. > Flashcards

Ch21 Vocab. Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

addiction

A

physical and psychological dependence on and craving for a drug.

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2
Q

additive action

A

drug addiction in which the combination of two similar drugs is equal to the sum of the effects of each

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3
Q

aerosol

A

particles of drug suspended in air and inhaled

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4
Q

anaphylaxis

A

exaggerated hypersensitivity reaction to previously encountered drug or foreign protein

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5
Q

antagonistic action

A

combination of two drugs gives less than an additive effect (action).

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6
Q

antidote

A

agent given to counteract an unwanted effect of a drug

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7
Q

brand name

A

commercial name for a drug;

trademark or trade name

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8
Q

chemical name

A

chemical formula for a drug

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9
Q

contraindications

A

factors that prevent the use of a drug or treatment

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10
Q

controlled substances

A

drugs that produce tolerance and dependence and have a potential for abuse or addiction

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11
Q

dependence

A

physiologic need for a drug with prolonged use

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12
Q

dose

A

amount of drug administered, usually measured in milligrams

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13
Q

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

A

government agency having the legal responsibility for enforcing proper drug manufacturer and clinical use

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14
Q

generic name

A

legal noncommercial name for a drug

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15
Q

iatrogenic

A

condition caused by treatment (drugs or procedures) given by physicians oor medical personnel

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16
Q

idiosyncratic reaction

A

unexpected effect produced in a particularly sensitive patient but not seen in most people

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17
Q

inhalation

A

administration of drugs in gaseous or vapor form through the nose or mouth

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18
Q

medicinal chemistry

A

study of new drug synthesis;

relationship between chemical structure and biological effects

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19
Q

molecular pharmacology

A

study of interaction of drugs and their target molecules such as enzymes, or cell surface receptors

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20
Q

oral administration

A

drugs are given by mouth

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21
Q

parenteral administration

A

drugs are given by injection into the skin, muscles, or veins (any route other than through the digestive tract)

Examples are subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intrathecal, and intracavitary injections and instillations

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22
Q

pharmacist

A

specialist in preparing and dispensing drugs

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23
Q

pharmacy

A

location for preparing and dispensing drugs;

also the study of preparing and dispensing drugs

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24
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

study of drug effects within the body

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25
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion over a period of time

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26
Q

pharmacologist

A

specialist in the study of the properties, uses, and side effects of drugs

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27
Q

pharmacology

A

study of the preparation, properties, uses, and side effects of drugs

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28
Q

Physicians’ Desk Reference

A

reference book that lists drug products;

PDR

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29
Q

receptor

A

target substance with which a drug interacts in the body

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30
Q

rectal administration

A

drugs are inserted through the anus into the rectum

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31
Q

resistance

A

lack of beneficial response;

seen when drugs are unable to control the disease process

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32
Q

response

A

desired and beneficial effect of a drug

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33
Q

schedule

A

exact timing and frequency of drug administration

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34
Q

side effect

A

adverse reaction, usually minor, that routinely results from the use of a drug

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35
Q

sublingual administration

A

drugs are given by placement under the tongue

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36
Q

synergism

A

combination of two drugs causes an effect that is greater than the sum of the individual effects of each drug alone

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37
Q

syringe

A

instrument (tube) for introducing or withdrawing fluids from the body

38
Q

tolerance

A

larger and larger drug doses must be given to achieve the desired effect.

The patient becomes resistant to the action of a drug as treatment progresses

39
Q

topical application

A

drugs are applied locally on the skin or mucous membranes of the body;

ointments, creams, and lotions are applied topically

40
Q

toxicity

A

harmful effects of a drug

41
Q

toxicology

A

study of harmful chemicals and their effects on the body

42
Q

transport

A

movement of a drug across a cell membrane into body cells

43
Q

United States Pharmacopeia

A

authoritative list of drugs, formulas, and preparations that sets a standard for drug manufacturing and dispensing;

USP

44
Q

vitamin

A

substances found in foods and essential in small quantities for growth and good health

45
Q

ACE inhibitor

A

lowers blood pressure by dilating blood vessels.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block and conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II (a powerful vasoconstrictor)

46
Q

amphetamine

A

central nervous system stimulant

47
Q

analgesic

A

relieves pain

48
Q

androgen

A

male hormone

49
Q

anesthetic

A

reduces or eliminates sensation;

general and local

50
Q

angiotensin II receptor blocker

A

lowers blood pressure by preventing angiotensin from acting on receptors in blood vessels

51
Q

antacid

A

neutralizes acid in the stomach

52
Q

antiandrogen

A

blocks the formation of androgens or interferes with their effect in tissues

53
Q

antiarrhythmic

A

treats abnormal heart rhythms

54
Q

antibiotic

A

chemical substance, produced by a plant or microorganism, that has the ability to inhibit or destroy foreign organisms in the body

55
Q

anticoagulant

A

prevents blood clotting

56
Q

anticonvulsant

A

prevents convulsions (abnormal brain activity)

57
Q

antidepressant

A

relieves symptoms of depression

58
Q

antidiabetic

A

drugs given to prevent or treat diabetes mellitus

59
Q

antidiarrheal

A

prevents diarrhea

60
Q

antiemetic

A

prevents nausea and vomiting

61
Q

antihistamine

A

blocks the action of histamine and helps prevent symptoms of allergy

62
Q

antimicrobial

A

agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth

63
Q

antinauseant

A

relieves nausea and vomiting;

antiemetic

64
Q

antiplatelet

A

reduces the tendency of platelets to stick together and from a clot

65
Q

antiulcer

A

inhibits the secretion of acid by cells lining the stomach

66
Q

antiviral

A

acts against viruses such as herpesviruses and HIV

67
Q

aromatase inhibitor

A

reduces estrogen in the body by blocking the enzyme aromatase

68
Q

beta blocker

A

blocks the action of epinephrine at sites on receptors of heart muscle cells, the muscle lining of blood vessels, and bronchial tubes;

antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive.

69
Q

bisphosphonate

A

prevents bone loss in osteoporosis

70
Q

caffeine

A

central nervous system stimulant (found in coffee and tea)

71
Q

calcium channel blocker

A

blocks the entrance of calcium into heart muscle and muscle lining of blood vessels;

used as an antiarrhythmic, antianginal, and antihypertensive;

Also called calcium antagonist

72
Q

cardiac glycoside

A

drugs that treat heart failure by increasing the force of contraction of the heart

73
Q

cardiovascular drug

A

acts on the heart and blood vessels.

This category of drug includes ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, cholesterol-lowiring drugs or statins, and diuretics

74
Q

cathartic

A

relieves constipation

75
Q

cholesterol-binding drug

A

lowers cholesterol by preventing its production by the liver;

statin

76
Q

diuretic

A

increases the production of urine and thus reduces the volume of fluid in the body;

antihypertensive

77
Q

emetic

A

promotes vomiting

78
Q

endocrine drug

A

hormone or hormone-like drug

examples are androgens, estrogens, progestins, SERMs, thyroid hormones, and glucocorticoids

79
Q

estrogen

A

female hormone that promotes development of secondary sex characteristics and supports reproductive tissues

80
Q

gastrointestinal drug

A

relieves symptoms of diseases in the gastrointestinal tract

examples are antacids, antiulcer drugs, antidiarrheal drugs, cathartics, laxatives, purgatives, and antinauseants (antiemetics)

81
Q

glucocorticoid

A

hormone from the adrenal cortex that raises blood sugar and reduces inflammation

82
Q

hypnotic

A

produces sleep or a trance-like state

83
Q

laxative

A

weak cathartic

84
Q

narcotic

A

habit-forming drug (potent analgesic) that relieves pain by producing stupor or insensibility;

examples are morphine and opium

85
Q

progestin

A

female hormone that stimulates the uterine lining during pregnancy and is also used in treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding and for hormone replacement therapy

86
Q

purgative

A

relieves constipation;

strong cathartic

87
Q

respiratory drug

A

treats asthma, emphysema, and infections of the respiratory system

examples are bronchodilators

88
Q

sedative

A

mildly hypnotic drug that relaxes without necessarily producing sleep

examples are benzodiazepines

89
Q

stimulant

A

excites and promotes activity

Examples are caffeine and amphetamines

90
Q

thyroid horrmone

A

stimulates cellular metabolism

91
Q

tranquilizer

A

controls anxiety and severe disturbances of behavior

Medical Term. Ch12-Ch22, Vocab. & Abbv. (13 decks)

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