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Medical Term. Ch12-Ch22, Vocab. & Abbv. > Ch14 Vocab. & Abbrev. > Flashcards

Ch14 Vocab. & Abbrev. Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

adaptive immunity

A

the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them

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2
Q

adenoids

A

mass of lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx

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3
Q

antibody

A

protein produced by B cells to destroy antigens

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4
Q

antigen

A

substance that the body recognizes as foreign;
evokes an immune response.

Most antigens are proteins or protein fragments found no the surface of bacteria, viruses, or organ transplant tissue cells.

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5
Q

axillary nodes

A

lymph nodes in the armpit

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6
Q

B cell (B lymphocyte)

A

lymphocyte that matures into a plasma cell to secrete antibodies.

B refers to bone marrow where most B cells originate

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7
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells (cytotoxic, helper and suppressor) respond to antigens and destroy them;

a type of adaptive tissue

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8
Q

cervical nodes

A

lymph nodes in the neck region

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9
Q

complement system

A

set of proteins in the blood that help antibodies kill their target

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10
Q

cytokines

A

proteins secreted by the cytotoxic T cells to aid in antigen destruction

Ex. interferons and interleukins

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11
Q

cytotoxic T cell

A

lymphocyte that directly kills antigens;
called (CD8+) T cell

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12
Q

dendtitic cell

A

antigen-presenting cell.
Shows T and B cells what to attack

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13
Q

helper T cell

A

lymphocyte that aids in B cells and stimulates T cells;
(CD4+) T cell.

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14
Q

humoral immunity

A

B cell produce antibodies after exposure to specific antigens;
type of adaptive immunity

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15
Q

immunity

A

body’s ability to resist foreign organisms and toxins that damage tissues and organs.
This includes natural immunity and adaptive immunity.

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16
Q

immunoglobulins

A

antibodies such as IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, and IgD;

secreted by plasma cells (mature B cells) in response to the presence of an antigen

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17
Q

immunotherapy

A

use of immune cells, antibodies, or vaccines to treat disease

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18
Q

inguinal nodes

A

lymph nodes in the groin region

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19
Q

interferons

A

proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response

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20
Q

interleukins

A

proteins (cytokines) that stimulate the growth of B and T lymphocytes

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21
Q

interstitial fluid

A

fluid in the spaces between cells.
This fluid becomes lymph when it enters the lymph capillaries

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22
Q

lymph

A

thin, watery fluid found within lymphatic vessels and collected from tissues throughout the body.

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23
Q

lymph capillaries

A

tiniest lymphatic vessels

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24
Q

lymphoid organs

A

lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland.
More examples are tonsils and adenoids

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25
Q

lymph node

A

collection of stationary solid lymphatic tissue along lymph vessels;
contains cells (lymphocytes and macrophages) that fight infection

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26
Q

lymph vessel

A

carrier of lymph throughout the body;

lymphatic vessels empty lymph into veins in the upper part of chest

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27
Q

macrophage

A

large phagocyte found in lymph nodes and other tissues of the body

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28
Q

mediastinal nodes

A

lymph nodes in the area between the lungs in the chest cavity

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29
Q

mesenteric nodes

A

lymph nodes in the mesentery (intestinal region)

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30
Q

monoclonal antibody

A

antibody produced in a laboratory to attack antigens and to destroy cells;

useful in immunotherapy

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31
Q

natural immunity

A

protection that an individual is born with to fight infection such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and NK cells.
Not antigen specific and does not elicit memory.

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32
Q

paraaortic nodes

A

lymph nodes near he aorta in the lumbar (waist) area of the body

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33
Q

plasma cell

A

lymphocyte that secretes antibodies. It matures from B lymphocytes.

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34
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

lymphatic vessel in the chest that drains lymph from the upper right part of the body.
It empties lymph into a large vein in the neck.

35
Q

spleen

A

organ in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen that destroys worn-out red blood cells, activates lymphocytes and stores blood

36
Q

suppressor T cell

A

lymphocyte that inhibits the activity of B and T cells.

37
Q

T cell (T lymphocyte)

A

lymphocyte that acts directly on antigens to destroy them or produce chemicals (cytokines) such as interferons and interleukins that are toxic to antigens.

38
Q

tolerance

A

ability of T lymphocytes to recognize and accept the body’s own antigens as “self” or friendly.
Once tolerance is established, the immune system will not react against the body’s own cell.

39
Q

thoracic duct

A

large lymphatic vessel that drains lymph from the lower and left side of the body.
It empties lymph into large veins in the neck.

40
Q

thymus gland

A

lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that condition T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response.

41
Q

tonsils

A

masses of lymphatic tissue in the back of the oropharynx

42
Q

toxin

A

poison;

a protein produced by certain bacteria, animals, or plants

43
Q

vaccination

A

exposure of an individual to foreign protein (antigen) that provokes an immune response.
The response will destroy any cell that possesses the antigen on its surface and will protect against infection.

44
Q

vaccine

A

weakened or dead antigen is given to induce production of antibodies.
This results in adaptive immunity.

45
Q

allergen

A

substance capable of causing a specific hypersensitivity reaction;
a type of antigen

46
Q

anaphylaxis

A

exaggerated or unusual hypersensitivity to foreign protein or other substance

47
Q

atopy

A

hypersensitivity or allergic state involving an inherited predisposition

48
Q

CD4+ cells

A

helper T cells that carry the CD4 protein antigen on their surface.
HIV binds to CD4 and infects and kills T cells bearing this protein.

AIDS patients have an inadequate number of CD4+ cells

49
Q

Hodgkin Lymphoma

A

malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in spleen and lymph nodes

50
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A

virus (retrovirus) that causes AIDS.

51
Q

Kaposi sarcoma

A

malignant lesion associated with AIDS;
arises from the lining of capillaries and appears as red, purple. brown or black skin nodules.

Kaposi sarcoma is caused by a herpesvirus called human herpesvirus 8.

52
Q

non-Hodgkin

A

group of malignant tumors involving lymphoid tissue

53
Q

opportunistic infections

A

infectious diseases associated with AIDS;
they occur because HIV infection lowers the body’s resistance and allows infection by bacteria and parasites that normally are easily contained

54
Q

protease inhibitor

A

drug that treats AIDS by blocking the production of protease, a proteolytic enzyme that helps create new eviral pieces of HIV.
Other anti-retroviral drugs are entry inhibitors and integrase inhibitors

55
Q

reverse transcriptase inhibitor (RTI)

A

drugs that treat AIDS by blocking reverse transcriptase, an enzyme needed to make copies of HIV

56
Q

wasting syndrome

A

weight loss, decrease in muscular strength, appetite, and mental activity;
associated with AIDS

57
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

58
Q

CAR T-cells

A

Chimeric Antigen Receptors;
activated in laboratory to fight cancer cells

59
Q

CD4+ cell

A

helper T cell

60
Q

CD8+ cell

A

Cytotoxic T cell

61
Q

CMV

A

Cytomegalovirus
- causes opportunistic AIDS-related infection

62
Q

Crypto

A

Cryptococcus - causes opportunistic AIDS-related infection

63
Q

ELISA

A

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- test to detect anti-HIV antibodies

64
Q

G-CSF

A

Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor
- cytokine that promotes neutrophil production

65
Q

GM-CSF

A

Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
- cytokine secreted by macrophages to promote growth of myeloid progenitor cells and their differentiation to granulocytes

66
Q

HAART

A

Highly Active Antiretrovirla Therapy
- use of combinations of drugs that are effective against AIDS

67
Q

Histo

A

Histoplasmosis
- fungal infection seen in AIDS patients

68
Q

HIV

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- causes AIDS

69
Q

HSV

A

Herpes Simplex Virsus

70
Q

IEC

A

Immunoeffector Cells
- cells activated to defend the body in an immune response

71
Q

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

A

immunoglobulins

72
Q

IL1 to IL38

A

Interleukins

73
Q

KS

A

Kaposi Sarcoma

74
Q

KSHV

A

Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus;
herpesvirus 8

75
Q

MAI

A

Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare
complex
- group of pathogens that cause lung and systemic disease in immunocompromised patients

76
Q

MoAb

A

Monoclonal Antibody

77
Q

NHL

A

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

78
Q

PCP

A

Pneumocystis pneumonia
- opportunistic AIDS-related infection

79
Q

PI

A

Protease Inhibitor

80
Q

RTI

A

Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor

81
Q

SCID

A

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

82
Q

Treg

A

regulatory T cell (suppressor T cell)

83
Q

Toxo

A

Toxoplasmosis
- parasitic infection associated with AIDS

Medical Term. Ch12-Ch22, Vocab. & Abbv. (13 decks)

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