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Medical Term. Ch12-Ch22, Vocab. & Abbv. > Ch18 Vocab. & Abbrev. > Flashcards

Ch18 Vocab. & Abbrev. Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

adrenal cortrex

A

outer section (cortex) of each adrenal gland; secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.

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2
Q

adrenal medulla

A

inner section (medulla) of each adrenal gland; secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.

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3
Q

ovaries

A

located in the lower abdomen of a female; responsible for egg production and estrogen and progesterone secretion.

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4
Q

pancreas

A

located behind the stomach. Islet (alpha and beta) cells (islets of Langerhans) secrete hormones from the pancreas.
Also contains cells that are exocrine in function. They secrete enzymes, via a duct, into the small intestine to aid digestion.

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5
Q

parathyroid glands

A

4 small glands on the posterior of the thyroid gland.
Some have 3 or 5.

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6
Q

pituitary gland
(hypophysis)

A

located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica; composed of an anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) and a posterior lobe (neurohypophysis)

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7
Q

testes

A

two glands enclosed in the scrotal sac of a male; responsible for sperm production and testosterone secretion.

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8
Q

thyroid gland

A

located in the neck on either side of the trachea; secretes thyroxine, thiiodothyronine, and calcitonin.

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9
Q

adrenaline (epinephrine)

A

secreted by the adrenal medulla;
increases heart rate and blood pressure.

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10
Q

adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland; also called adrenocorticotropin.
ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex

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11
Q

aldosterone

A

secreted by the adrenal cortex;
increases salt (sodium) reabsorption

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12
Q

antidiuretic hormone
(ADH)

A

secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
ADH (vasopressin) increases reabsorption of water by the kidney.

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13
Q

calcitonin

A

secreted by the thyroid gland;
decreases blood calcium levels

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14
Q

cortisol

A

secreted by the adrenal cortex;
increases blood sugar.

secreted in times of stress and has an anti-inflammatory effect

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15
Q

epinephrine (adrenaline)

A

secreted by adrenal medulla;
increases heart rate and blood pressure and dilates airways (sympathomimetic).
It is part of the body’s “fight or flight” reaction.

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16
Q

estradiol

A

estrogen (female hormone) secreted by the ovaries

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17
Q

estrogen

A

female hormone secreted by the ovaries and to a lesser extent by the adrenal cortex.
Examples are estradiol and estrone.

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18
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
FSH stimulates hormone secretion and egg production by the ovaries and sperm production by the testes.

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19
Q

glucagon

A

secreted by alpha islet cells in the pancreas;

increase blood sugar by conversion of glycogen (starch) to glucose.

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20
Q

growth hormone (GH):
somatotropin

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland;

stimulates growth of bones and soft tissues

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21
Q

insulin

A

secreted by the beta islet cells of the pancreas.
insulin helps glucose (sugar) to pass into cells and promotes the conversion of glucose to glycogen.

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22
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland;

stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone secretion in males

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23
Q

norepinephrine

A

secreted by the adrenal medulla;

increases heart rate and blood pressure (sympathomimetic).
also called noradrenaline

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24
Q

oxytocin (OT)

A

secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland;
stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth

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25
Q

parathormone (PTH)

A

secreted by the parathyroid glands;

increases blood calcium

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26
Q

progesterone

A

secreted by the ovaries;

prepares the uterus for pregnancy

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27
Q

prolactin (PRL)

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland;

promotes milk secretion

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28
Q

somatotropin

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland;

growth hormone

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29
Q

testosterone

A

male hormone secreted by the testes

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30
Q

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH);
thyrotropin

A

secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.
TSH acts on the thyroid gland to promote it’s functioning.

HINT: TSH is not secreted by the thyroid gland

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31
Q

thyroxine (T4)

A

secreted by the thyroid gland;

also called tetraiodothyronine.
T4 increases metabolism in cells.

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32
Q

triiodothyronine

A

secreted by the thyroid gland;

T3 increases metabolism in cells.

33
Q

vasopressin

A

secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland;

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

vasopressin increases water reabsorption and raises blood pressure

34
Q

catecholamines

A

hormones derived from an amino acid and secreted by the adrenal medulla.
Epinephrine is a catecholamine.

35
Q

corticosteroids

A

hormones (steroids) produced by the adrenal cortex.
Examples are cortisol (raises sugar levels), aldosterone (raraises salt reabsorption by kidneys), and androgens and estrogens (sex hormones)

36
Q

electrolyte

A

mineral salt found in the blood and tissues and necessary for proper functioning of cells;

(potassium, sodium, and calcium)

37
Q

glucocorticoid

A

steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex;

regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism. Cortisol raises blood sugar and is part of the stress response

38
Q

homeostasis

A

tendency of an organism to maintain to maintain a constant internal environment

39
Q

hormone

A

chemical, secreted by an endocrine gland, that travels through the blood to organs and gland where it influences the structure or function of that organ or gland.

40
Q

hypothalamus

A

region of the brain lying below the thalamus and above the pituitary gland. It secretes releasing factors and hormones that affect the pituitary gland

41
Q

mineralocorticoid

A

steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to regulate mineral salts (electrolytes) and water balance in the body.
Aldosterone is an example

42
Q

receptor

A

cellular or nuclear protein that binds to a hormone so that a response can be elicited

43
Q

sella turcica

A

cavity at the base of the skull;

contains the pituitary gland

44
Q

sex hormones

A

steroids (androgens and estrogen) produced by the adrenal cortex to influence male and female sexual characteristics

45
Q

steroid

A

complex substance related to fats (derived from a sterol, such as cholesterol), and of which many hormones are made.

46
Q

sympathomimetic

A

pertaining to mimicking or copying the effect of the sympathetic nervous system.
Adrenaline (epinephrine) is a sympathomimetic hormone (it raises blood pressure and heart rate and dilates airways)

47
Q

target tissue

A

cells of an organ that are affected or stimulated by specific hormones

48
Q

A1C

A

blood test that measures glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) to assess glucose control

49
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

50
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic Hormone
- Vasopressin

51
Q

Ca++

A

Calcium

an important electrolyte

52
Q

CGMS

A

Continuous Glucose Monitoring System
- senses and records blood glucose levels continuously

53
Q

DI

A

Diabetes Insipidus

54
Q

DKA

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

55
Q

DM

A

Diabetic Mellitus

56
Q

FBG

A

Fasting Blood Glucose

57
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

58
Q

GH

A

Growth Hormone

59
Q

HbA1C (test)

A

test for presence of glucose attached to hemoglobin (glycosylated hemoglobin)
- a high level indicates poor glucose control in diabetic patients; also called A1C

60
Q

hCG or HCG

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

61
Q

IGF

A

Insulin-like Growth Factor

62
Q

K+

A

potassium
- an important electorlyte

63
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing Hormone

64
Q

MDI

A

Multiple Daily Injection
- for delivery of either basal or bolus insulin;

a diabetes management regimen

65
Q

Na+

A

Sodium
- an important electrolyte

66
Q

OT, OXT

A

Oxytocin

67
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin

68
Q

PTH

A

Parathyroid Hormone
(parathormone)

69
Q

RAI

A

Radioactive Iodine
- treatment for Graves disease

70
Q

RIA

A

Radioimmunoassay
- measure hormone levels in plasma

71
Q

RAIU

A

Radioactive Iodine Uptake
(imaging test or scan0

72
Q

SIADH

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (secretion)

73
Q

SMBG

A

Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose

74
Q

T1D

A

Type 1 Diabetes

75
Q

T2D

A

Type 2 Diabetes

76
Q

T3

A

Triiodothyronine

77
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine
- Tetraiodothyronine

78
Q

TFT

A

Thyroid Function Test

79
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
- secreted by the anterior pituitary gland

Medical Term. Ch12-Ch22, Vocab. & Abbv. (13 decks)

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