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Medical Term. Ch12-Ch22, Vocab. & Abbv. > Ch19 Vocab. & Abbrev. > Flashcards

Ch19 Vocab. & Abbrev. Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

adjuvant chemotherapy

A

drugs are given after primary therapy (surgery o radiation).

adjuvant means to assist

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2
Q

alkylating agents

A

chemotherapeutic synthetic drugs that cause crosslinks and breaks in DNA to stop strands to inhibit cell division

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3
Q

anaplasia

A

loss of differentiation of cells;

reversion to a more primitive cell type

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4
Q

antibiotics

A

chemotherapeutic drugs found in bacteria and fungi, which cause breaks in DNA strands to inhibit cell division

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5
Q

antimetabolites

A

chemotherapeutic agents that block the synthesis and DNA components (nucleotides) and prevents cells from dividing

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6
Q

antimitotics

A

chemotherapeutic chemicals that block the function of a protein necessary for mitosis.

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7
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death.

normal cells undergo apoptosis when damaged or aging.
Some cancer cells have lost the ability to undergo apoptosis, and they live forever.

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8
Q

benign tumor

A

noncancerous growth (neoplasm)

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9
Q

brachytherapy

A

radiotherapy that uses insertion of sealed containers into body cavities orr radioactive seeds directly into the tumor.

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10
Q

carcinogens

A

agents that cause cancer:
chemicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses

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11
Q

carcinoma

A

cancerous tumor made up of cells and epithelial origin

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12
Q

chemotherapy

A

treatment with drugs

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13
Q

combination chemotherapy

A

use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors

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14
Q

dedifferentiation

A

loss of differentiation of cell;

reversion to a more primitive, embtyonic cell type;

anaplasia or undifferentiation

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15
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

genetic material within the nucleus of a cell;

controls cell division and protein synthesis

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16
Q

differentiation

A

specialization of cells

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17
Q

electron beams

A

low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors

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18
Q

encapsulated

A

surrounded by a capsule;

benign tumors are encapsulated

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19
Q

external beam irradiation

A

radiation is applied to a tumor from a source outside the body

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20
Q

fractionation

A

giving radiation in small, repeated doses

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21
Q

genetic screening

A

patients and family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene.

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22
Q

grading of tumors

A

evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or degree of differentiation.

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23
Q

gray (Gy)

A

unit of absorbed radiation dose

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24
Q

gross description of tumors

A

visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye: cystic, fungating, inflammatory, medullary, necrotic, polypoid, ulcerating, or verrucous

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25
Q

immunotherapy

A

cancer treatment using immune cells and antibodies to kill tumor cells;

Examples are CAR T-cell therapy and checkpoint inhibitors

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26
Q

infiltrative

A

extending beyond normal tissue boundaries into adjacent tissues

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27
Q

invasive

A

having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue

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28
Q

irradiation

A

exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat, or x-rays

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29
Q

linear accelerator

A

large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors

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30
Q

malignant tumor

A

tumor having the characteristics of continuous growth, invasiveness, and metastasis

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31
Q

mesenchymal

A

embryonic connective tissue

This is the tissue from which connective tissues (bone, muscle, fat, cartilage, and blood cells) arise.

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32
Q

metastasis

A

spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site;

literally, beyond (meta-) control (-stasis)

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33
Q

microscopic description of tumors

A

appearance of tumors when viewed under a microscope:

alveolar, carcinoma in situ, diffuse, dysplastic, epidermoid, follicular, papillary, pleomorphic, scirrhous, or undifferentiated

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34
Q

mitosis

A

replication of cells;

a stage in a cell’s life cycle involving the production of two identical cells from a parent cell.

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35
Q

mixed-tissue tumors

A

tumors composed of types of tissue

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36
Q

modality

A

method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, or irradiation

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37
Q

molecularly targeted therapy

A

use of drugs to attack specific targets (mutations) that drive cancer cells directly or to activate T cells (or other effector cells) to kill the tumor

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38
Q

monoclonal antibodies

A

these are antibodies created in a laboratory by special reproductive (cloning) techniques.

They are designed to attack specific cancer cells directly or to activate T cells (or other effector cells) to kill the tumor

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39
Q

morbidity

A

condition of being unwell or deficient in normal function

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40
Q

mucinous

A

containing mucus (a thick whitish secretion)

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41
Q

mutation

A

change in the genetic material (DNA) of a cell;

may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously

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42
Q

neoadjuvant chemotherapy

A

drugs are given before primary therapy (surgery or radiation) to reduce the size of a tumor

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43
Q

neoplasm

A

new growth;

benign or malignant tumor

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44
Q

nucleotide

A

unit of DNA (gene) composed of a sugar, phosphate, and a base.

The sequence of arrangement of nucleotides on a gene is the genetic code

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45
Q

oncogene

A

region of DNA in tumor cells (cellular oncogene) or in viruses that cause cancer (viral oncogene).

Oncogenes are designed by a three-letter name such as abl, erb, jun, myc, ras, and src

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46
Q

palliative

A

relieving but not curing symptoms

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47
Q

pedunculated

A

possessing a stem or stalk (peduncle);

characteristic of some polypoid tumors

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48
Q

photon therapy

A

radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gamma rays

49
Q

protocol

A

detailed plan for treatment of an illness

50
Q

proton therapy

A

subatomic positively charged particles (protons) produced by a cyclotron deposit a dose of radiation at a tightly focused point in the body

51
Q

radiation

A

energy carried by a stream of particles

52
Q

radiation fields

A

dimensions of the area of the body undergoing irradiation

53
Q

radiation therapy

A

treatment of tumors using doses of radiation;

radiation oncology;
radiotherapy

54
Q

radiocurable tumor

A

tumor that is completely destroyed by radiation therapy.
Example is early Hodgkin’s lymphoma

55
Q

radioresistant tumor

A

tumor that survives large doses or radiation

56
Q

radiosensitive tumor

A

tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue

57
Q

radiosensitizers

A

drugs that increase the sensitivity of tumors to x-rays

58
Q

radiotherapy

A

treatment of tumors using doses of radiation;

radiation therapy;

radiation oncology

59
Q

relapse

A

recurrence of tumor after treatment

60
Q

remission

A

partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease

61
Q

ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

cellular substances that represents a copy of DNa and directs the formation of new proteins inside cells.

62
Q

sarcoma

A

cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue

63
Q

serous

A

having the appearance of a thin, water fluid (serum)

64
Q

sessile

A

having no stem;

characteristic of some polypoid tumors

65
Q

simulation

A

study using CT scan and MRI to map the area to receive treatment before radiotherapy is given

66
Q

solid tumor

A

tumor composed of a mass of cells

67
Q

staging of tumors

A

system of evaluation the extent of spread of tumors.

68
Q

stereotactic radiosurgery

A

technique in which a single layer dose of radiation is delivered under precise 3D guidance to destroy vascular abnormalities and small brain tumors

69
Q

surgical procedures to treat cancer

A

methods of removing cancerous tissue; cryosurgery, cauterization, en bloc resection, excisional biopsy, exenteration, fulguration, incisional biopsy

70
Q

viral oncogenes

A

pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant

71
Q

virus

A

infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host’s genetic material to make copies of itself

72
Q

AFP

A

Alpha-Fetoprotein

73
Q

AFP

A

Alpha-Fetoprotein

74
Q

bcr

A

bone marrow transplantation

75
Q

BMT

A

Bone Marrow Transplantation

76
Q

bx

A

biopsy

77
Q

CA

A

Cancer

78
Q

CAR T-cell

A

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cell

79
Q

CEA

A

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

80
Q

cGy

A

Centigray (one hundredth of a gray) or rad

81
Q

chemo

A

chemotherapy

82
Q

CR

A

Complete Response

  • disappearance of all tumor
83
Q

CSF

A

Colony-Stimulating Factor

  • examples: G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) and GM-CSF (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor)
84
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

85
Q

EGFR

A

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

86
Q

ER

A

Estrogen Receptor

87
Q

EPO

A

Erythropoietin;

promotes growth of red blood cells

88
Q

FNA

A

Fine Needle Aspiration

89
Q

5-FU

A

5-Fluorouracil

90
Q

Ga

A

Gallium

91
Q

GIST

A

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor

92
Q

Gy

A

Gray

  • unit of absorbed radiation dose
93
Q

H&E

A

Hematoxylin and Eosin

  • a dye combination used to stain pathology specimens
94
Q

HER2

A

growth factor gene highly activated in cells of certain types of breast cancer

95
Q

IGRT

A

Intensity-modulated Gated Radiation Therapy

  • use of imaging mechanism attached to linear accelerator is added to IMRT to gate (track) a tumor moving during respiration
96
Q

IHC

A

Immunohistochemistry

97
Q

IMRT

A

Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy

  • high doses of radiation are delivered directly to cancer cells in a targeted way, more precisely than in conventional radiotherapy
98
Q

IO

A

Immuno-Oncology

99
Q

IORT

A

Intraoperative Radiation Therapy

100
Q

Mets

A

Metastases

101
Q

mAb (MAB)

A

Monoclonal Antibody;

-mab indicates that a drug is monoclonal antibody

102
Q

NED

A

No Evidence of Disease

103
Q

NF

A

Neurofibromatosis

104
Q

NHL

A

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

105
Q

NSCLC

A

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

106
Q

Pap smear

A

Papanicolaou smear

107
Q

PD

A

Progressive Disease

-tumor increases in size

108
Q

PR

A

Partial Response

  • tumor is one-half it’s original size
109
Q

prot.

A

protocol

110
Q

PSA

A

Prostate-Specific Antigen

111
Q

PSCT

A

Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation

112
Q

PSRS

A

Proton Stereotactic Radiosurgery

113
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic Acid

114
Q

RT

A

Radiation Therapy

115
Q

SD

A

Stable Disease

  • tumor does not shrink but does not grow
116
Q

TNM

A

Tumor-Nodule-Metastasis

117
Q

VEGF

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

118
Q

RT. XRT

A

Radiation Therapy

Medical Term. Ch12-Ch22, Vocab. & Abbv. (13 decks)

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