CH2

Question 1

contains the cell body, nucleus and other organelles; all proteins, receptors, are made here and transported to more distant targets

Answer 1

cell body / soma

Question 2

extensions that receive information

Answer 2

dendrites

Question 3

extension that conducts electrical signals from the cell body to the terminal boutons; may have multiple projections sites

Answer 3

axon

Question 4

not excitable cells, but play key roles in influencing neural action and its transmission (structural support of ion concentrations, reuptake, etc.)

Answer 4

glial cells

Question 5

main integrating/processing neurons of a brain region; axons project out of the region in which the neuron resides and/or to local neurons within the same region

Answer 5

projection/principle neurons

Question 6

neurons with many dendritic spines

Answer 6

striata’s medium spiny neurons

Question 7

any neuron that are in between sensory and motor neurons; cells whose axons remain within a particular brain regions that can connect to projection neurons and other inter neurons

Answer 7

interneurons

Question 8

interneurons are typically ____ than projection neurons, are usually ______, using ____ or ____ as a NT, and regulate patterns of activities in large ______. Excitatory neurons often can connect to both inhibitory interneurons and other excitatory cells via _____

Answer 8

smaller, inhibitory, ACh, GABA, networks, collaterals

Question 9

Initial sites of action of neurotransmitters (or drugs)

Answer 9

receptors

Question 10

______, _____, _____ and ____ ions are needed for neuron function and must be in specific concentrations for the cell to fire

Answer 10

Na+, Ca2+, K+. Cl-

Question 11

channels that are normally closed and open for a brief period of time in response to specific stimuli before closing

Answer 11

gated channels

Question 12

ion channels that open when electrical potential across the membrane is altered

Answer 12

voltage gated ion channel

Question 13

channels that open when a ligand binds to a receptor

Answer 13

ligand gated ion channel

Question 14

special case of ligand gated channel activated by attachment of a phosphate group on the intracellular side of the receptor

Answer 14

second messenger

Question 15

Some channels, such as the _______ receptor, are both ligand and voltage gated

Answer 15

NMDA glu

Question 16

The resting membrane potential inside the cell is ______, driven primarily by higher concentration of positively charged ions _____, _____ and _____ outside the cell, and higher concentration of negatively charged ions _______ inside the cell

Answer 16

negative, Na+, K+, Ca2+, intracellular proteins

Question 17

Non gated ____ channels always stay open, allowing most positvely charged K+ into the cell through ____ _____ and _____. However, voltage gated ______ channels are closed at rest. The result is a resting potential of _____, where K+ is balanced in the two factors driving it in and out of the cell

Answer 17

K+, electrical attraction, diffusion, Na+, -70mV

Question 18

occurs when a neuron depolarizes to the threshold of -50mV

Answer 18

action potential

Question 19

The 4 stages of an action potential

Answer 19

1. depolarization causes voltage gated Na+ to open, and Na+ enters (+45mV), 2. action potential causes voltage gated K+ channels to open, and K+ exits the cell 3. Na and K channels both close 4. Na/K pump puts the ion distribution back in balance via active transport, to maintain resting potential

Question 20

synaptic inputs that cause excitatory post synaptic potentials (EPSPs or IPSPs)

Answer 20

local potentials

Question 21

local potentials are _____ meaning that a larger stimulus will provide a greater magnitude of hyperpolarization or depolarization. Several small local potentials can add up to larger changes in membrane potential. In contrast, action potentials are ______ (size is unrelated to stimulation) Many NTs and drugs alter neural activity by modulating the impact of inhibitory/excitatory inputs or changing cell _____. Local potentials are generated on the dendrites and _____. They ____ rapidly as they travel along the cell membrane

Answer 21

graded, all-or-none, excitability, cell body, decay

Question 22

the system that controls voluntary muscles, delivers sensory input to the brain

Answer 22

somatic system

Question 23

regulates the internal environment by innervating smooth muscles (intestine, bladder) cardiac muscles, and glands (adrenal, salivary etc.)

Answer 23

autonomic system

Question 24

fight or flight system that dominates during times of stress, excitement and exertion; increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow, adrenaline secretion

Answer 24

sympathetic division

Question 25

dominated when energy reserves can be conserved; increases salivation, digestion, storage of glucose, nutrients, slows heart rate, decreases respiration

Answer 25

parasympathetic division

Question 26

Many psychoactive drugs affect ___and ____ which are used by ANS neurons, and cause numerous side effects

Answer 26

ACh, NE

Question 27

The spinal cord sends ___ inputs to the sympathetic ganglia and _____ ____, typically being ______ and act on ____ receptors. Sympathetic ganglia then send ____ inputs to the organs , and this is also secreted into the blood from the _____ gland. NE can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptor ______.

Answer 27

ACh, adrenal glands, excitatory, nicotinic, NE, adrenal, subtype

Question 28

Drugs that increase NE activity typically _______ sympathetic activation. Drugs that increase ____ release or stimulate nicotinic receptors (ionotropic) , can _____ sympathetic functioning (ex. nicotine)

Answer 28

increase, ACh, increase

Question 29

The spinal cord projects to parasympathetic ganglia that send short projections to the glands. They exert their effects via the _______ ACh receptors (g coupled). Parasympathetic system uses ACh exclusively

Answer 29

muscarinic

Question 30

Muscarinic _____ reduce parasympathetic function, resembling sympathetic activation, while ____ do the opposite

Answer 30

antagonist, agonists

Question 31

neurotransmitters are often ____ in function to maintain a balance (opposite to hormones) and ___ ___ quickly

Answer 31

localized, broken down

Question 32

convert physical stimuli in the world around us and in our internal environment into an electrical signal and transmit this information to circuits of interneurons

Answer 32

sensory neurons

Question 33

direct a biobehavioral response appropriate for the situation

Answer 33

motor neurons

Question 34

Cells that are unspecialized and have the capacity to become any specific tissue or organ

Answer 34

stem cells

Question 35

integration of information from many cells

Answer 35

convergence

Question 36

transmission of information to several other cells

Answer 36

divergence

Question 37

covers dendrites and increases the receiving surface area

Answer 37

dendritic spines

Question 38

numerous branches/split of the axon

Answer 38

axon collaterals

Question 39

fatty insulating coatings made by Schwann cells that increases the speed of conduction. The thicker it is the faster the conduction. It reduces the energy required to restore the neuron to resting state

Answer 39

myelin

Question 40

breaks in the axon where there is no myelin

Answer 40

nodes of ranvier

Question 41

exchanges every 3 ions of Na+ pumped out, with 2 K+ ions pumped in

Answer 41

Na+/K+ pump

Question 42

bringing the membrane potential farther from threshold for firing by Cl- entry or K+ exit; more negative inside the cell

Answer 42

hyperpolarization

Question 43

bringing membrane potential closer to threshold for firing by Na+ entry; more positive inside the cell

Answer 43

depolarization

Question 44

+40mV when Na+ channels close and another action potential cannot occur

Answer 44

absolute refractory period

Question 45

When the membrane potential is hyperpolarized for a short time until K+ diffuses away, or is exchanged for Na+ with a pump. Takes more excitation to reach the threshold

Answer 45

relative refractory period

Question 46

only regeneration of action potential at the nodes of ranvier

Answer 46

saltatory conduction

Question 47

Action potentials are only

Answer 47

depolarizing

Question 48

local ______ such as procaine or lidocaine, block _____ channels, while ____ drugs reduce Na+ conduction by blocking closed channels to prolong the refractory state. ____ such as saxitoxin or tetrodotoxin block Na+ channels

Answer 48

anaesthetics, Na+, antiepileptic, neurotoxins

Question 49

both sensory and motor neurons; communicates with heart, lungs, gastrointestinal tract

Answer 49

vagus nerve

Question 50

sensory afferents carry sensory information from the surface of the body to the _______, while motor efferents carry signals from the _____ of the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles

Answer 50

dorsal horn, ventral horn

Question 51

tissue below the bony covering of the skull that provides additional protection

Answer 51

meninges

Question 52

outermost, toughest layer

Answer 52

dura mater

Question 53

membrane with a weblike sublayer filled with CSF

Answer 53

arachnoid

Question 54

thin layer of tissue that sits directly on nervous tissue

Answer 54

pia mater

Question 55

irregularly shaped cavities in the brain

Answer 55

cerebral ventricles

Question 56

channel that runs the length of the spinal cord

Answer 56

central canal

Question 57

bathes the exterior of the brain and spinal cord and involved in exchange of nutrients and waste products between brain and blood

Answer 57

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 58

cell bodies

Answer 58

grey matter

Question 59

myelinated axons

Answer 59

white matter

Question 60

regulates heartrate, digestion, respiration, blood pressure, coughing, vomiting

Answer 60

medulla

Question 61

a sensorimotor center responsible for body position, balance, corrective movements, etc.

Answer 61

cerebellum

Question 62

important for arousal, attention, sleep and muscle tone

Answer 62

reticular formation

Question 63

principle source of all neurons that release NE, arousal, vigilance, attention

Answer 63

locus coeruleus

Question 64

surrounds aqueduct that connects third and fourth ventricles; modulation of pain (many opioid receptors), specific specific reactions

Answer 64

periaqueductal grey

Question 65

innervate the striatum, use DA, initiation and modulation of movement

Answer 65

substantia nigra

Question 66

has projections to NAcc, amygdala, PFC, etc

Answer 66

ventral tegmental area

Question 67

Process and distribute sensory and motor information to cerebral cortex

Answer 67

thalamus

Question 68

integrates emotional responses and regulating motivated behavior and learning

Answer 68

limbic system

Question 69

deep grooves in the cerebral cortex

Answer 69

fissures

Question 70

deep grooves in the cerebral cortex

Answer 70

fissures

Question 71

smaller grooves in the cortex

Answer 71

sulci

Question 72

bulges of tissue

Answer 72

gyri

Question 73

____ arrangement of cell in the cortex provide functional units for integration of information between various cortical regions

Answer 73

vertical

Question 74

small primary area, adjacent secondary cortex, tertiary areas, in each lobe

Answer 74

association cortex

Question 75

conscious awareness of sensory experiences, initial cortical processing

Answer 75

primary cortex

Question 76

analyzes information from primary area; recognition / perception of stimulus, memories are stored

Answer 76

secondary cortex

Question 77

higher order perceptual functions; integration of multiple characteristics of an event

Answer 77

tertiary cortex

Question 78

important for decision-making, planning actions, evaluating optimal strategies

Answer 78

prefrontal cortex

Question 79

rat brains have similar ____, _____ and ____ to humans, but less proportion of _____. The cortex is ____ and the _____ and ____ are larger

Answer 79

nuclei, fiber tracts, types of cells, PFC, smooth, olfactory bulb, midbrains

Question 80

the parts of the myelencephalon

Answer 80

medulla, corticospinal neurons

Question 81

parts of the metencephalon

Answer 81

pons, cerebellum, reticular formation (LoCe, dorsal.median raphe nuclei)

Question 82

parts of the mesencephalon

Answer 82

tectum (superior and inferior colliculi), tegmentum (PaqGrey, SubsN, VTA)

Question 83

basal ganglia consist of the

Answer 83

caudate, putamen, substantia nigra, globus pallidus