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PSYC 462 > CH 3 > Flashcards

CH 3 Flashcards

1
Q

House many of the cell bodies of neurons that use distinct NTs (DA/NE/5-HT/opioids) and send long projections that influence multiple brain regions; older brain regions; localized cell bodies

A

My/met/mesencephalon

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2
Q

Basal ganglia: dorsal / ventral striatum, limbi system

A

telencephalon

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3
Q

involved in motor control and action selection. most prominent nuclei include dorsal striatum (caudate/putamen) and ventral striatum (NAcc)

A

basal ganglia

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4
Q

plays a key role in motor learning and action selection; receives input from sensory/motor cortex and DA input from substantia nigra; refines movement and promotes efficient movement and inhibits inefficient ones

A

dorsal striatum

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5
Q

important for reward and motivated behaviours ; receives input from limbic system and DA input from the VTA

A

ventral striatum

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6
Q

Integrates emotional responses and regulates motivated behaviour and learning (feeding, fighting, fleeing, sexual behaviour); group of neurons just under the cortex that communicate with each other

A

limbic system

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7
Q

associated with establishment with new long-term memories and rational/spatial memory

A

hippocampus

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8
Q

coordinates various components of emotional responses (especially fear) through profuse connections with other brain areas - detects stimuli and sends signals to other areas

A

amygdala

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9
Q

interconnected with other structures, regulatory, feeding, sexual behaviour

A

hypothalamus

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10
Q

receives input from amygdala and hippocampus - moves toward or away from stimulus

A

Nucleus accumbens

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11
Q

goes down the middle of the brain

A

prefrontal (cingulate) cortex

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12
Q

partitioning of different cortical regions based on crytoarchitecture, or histological structure and organization of cells (e.x. packing of neurons, or layers of neurons)

A

brodmann’s areas

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13
Q

mediate voluntary and well learned motor sequences

A

primary/secondary motor cortex

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14
Q

critical for making decisions, planning actions, evaluating different strategies; executive function, coordination of different system, form reciprocal inhibitory relationships with limbic system and striatum, organizes effective patterns of behaviour

A

prefrontal cortex

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15
Q

All _____ regions contain receptors for numerous NT systems affected by _____ drugs. Relative concentrations of NT varies across _______. One may be affected more with a smaller _____ of drug depending on receptors and NT concentration

A

telecenphalon, psychoactive, regions, dose

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16
Q

terminal connects with a dendrite of the postsynaptic cell; the most common type of synapse, usually connected to dendritic spines, but sometimes to dendritic shafts

A

axodendritic

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17
Q

the closer the synapse is to the ____ _____, the more effect of ____ _______, because it doesn’t have to travel far to the axon hillock where the action potential is ______

A

cell body, electrical potential, generated

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18
Q

axon terminal forms connections with the neuron cell body, resulting in a very powerful synapse and greater depolarization/hyperpolarization

A

axosomatic

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19
Q

axon synapsing on another axon terminal which can either reduce or enhance NT release of receiving terminal; work via heteroreceptors

A

axoaxonic

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20
Q

reduction of NT release of presynaptic cell to postsynaptic

A

presynaptic inhibition

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21
Q

increase of NT release of presynaptic cell to postsynaptic

A

presynaptic facilitation

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22
Q

receptors on axon terminals that respond to transmitters different from those released by those terminals; respond to NTs released at axoaxonic synapses

A

heteroreceptors

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23
Q

An individual neuron can make one or several different ______, and ___ can hold one or both of them. ____ and ____ can be released from the same cell

A

NTs, vesicles, glutamate, GABA

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24
Q

Most NTs are made in ________ but peptides are made in the _____ and then transported to terminals. Many peptide transmitters reside in terminals that also contain _______ small molecule transmitters

A

terminals, soma, classical

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25
Q

small patterns of firing will result in ____ type of NT, while different patterns of firing will result in firing of additional _____

A

one, peptides

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26
Q

classical neurotransmitters

A

amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine purines

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27
Q

amino acids

A

glutamate, GABA

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28
Q

monoamines

A

DA, NE, 5-HT

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29
Q

acetylcholine purines

A

ATP, adenosine

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30
Q

nonclassical NTs

A

neuropeptides, lipids, gasses

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31
Q

neuropeptides

A

endorphins, enkephalins, corticotropin-releasing factor, orexin/hypocretin, BDNF

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32
Q

lipids

A

anandamide, 2-arachidonoylglycerol

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33
Q

gasses

A

NO, CO, H2S

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34
Q

10 steps of neurotransmission

A
  1. NT is synthesized and stored in vesicles 2. action potential invades presynaptic terminal 3. depolarization causes voltage gated Ca2+ channels to open 4. Ca2+ enters terminal through channels 5. Ca2+ causes vesicles to fuse with presynaptic membrane 6. NT is released into synaptic cleft via exocytosis 7. NT binds to receptor in postsynaptic membrane 8. opening / closing of postsynaptic channel or activation of second messenger 8. postsynaptic currents excite or inhibit the neuron 9. vesicle membrane gets retrieved/recycled via endocytosis
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35
Q

causes a very fast and distinct signal in the postsynaptic cell; do not travel far, and affect only one small part of the neuron

A

neurotransmitter

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36
Q

may enhance, reduce, or prolong the action of another NT, have differential effects, and does not change the excitability of a neuron at rest by much; not fast

A

neuromodulators

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37
Q

when neuromodulators diffuse away from the site of release to influence other cells and many parts of the cell; works on extrasynaptic receptors

A

volume transmission

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38
Q

receptors that are not tightly localized to presynaptic terminal

A

extrasynaptic receptors

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39
Q

many classical Nts can act as _____ depending on the specific receptor they interact with

A

neuromodulators

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40
Q

in general _____ and _____ firing releases more NT than ______ and _____ firing, due to better activation of ____ channels. Many neurons that use classical NTs switch to burst firing mode in response to motivationally or _____ relevant stimuli

A

higher rates, burst, lower rates, continuous, Ca2+, emotionally

41
Q

receptors for the same NT released by the neuron

A

autoreceptors

42
Q

receptors that are activated by NTs and inhibit further NT release by hyperpolarizing the terminal so that the next transmitter release is very little

A

presynaptic terminal autoreceptors

43
Q

receptors that reside on cell bodies/dendrites that when activated, slow firing, reduce transmitter release by chemical released by cell body

A

somatodendritic autoreceptors

44
Q

the processes of breaking an NT molecule in half after it pops off the post synaptic receptor; involves an enzyme embedded in the brain

A

enzymatic degradation

45
Q

when transporters actively transport the NT to a place outside the synapse, or when NT is taken up by presynaptic neurons

A

reuptake

46
Q

reuptake can occur by nearby ______, or mediated by _______ through active transport. However, some transporters are “sloppy” and can uptake other types of NTs with similar ____ _____

A

astrocytes, transporters, chemical structures

47
Q

Almost all NTs have more than one receptor ______, which can vary in expression across or within brain regions. All subtypes bind the same ligand, but with different _______, such that ____ concentration of subtypes are needed for low affinity subtypes. Sometimes, different receptor subtypes can exert ______ cellular effects via different _____ ______.

A

subtype, affinities, greater, opposite, 2nd messengers

48
Q

Some NTs only work on _______ receptors such as DA and ____, while others can work on these and ionotropic receptors, such as ____, GABA and ______

A

metabotropic, NE, Glu, ACh

49
Q

Ionotropic receptors consist of ____ subunits with an _____ channel in the centre. It is embedded in the ______. Some ______ the cell by conducting Na+, while others do so by conducting ______. Some conduct _____ leading to hyperpolarization

A

4-5, ion, membrane, depolarize, Ca2+, Cl-

50
Q

Metabotropic receptors act more slowly, and the effects last ______. It winds around the membrane several times and works by activating ____ proteins.

A

longer, g

51
Q

G proteins inhibit/activate _______, or stimulate / inhibit _____ ______

A

ion channels, effector enzymes

52
Q

enzymes that synthesize or break down second messenger molecules

A

effector enzymes

53
Q

molecules inside cell that activate protein kinases that phosphorylate other proteins (turn on or off protein)

A

second messengers

54
Q

_____ of ion channels and receptors can change their function. The same processes for nuclear proteins can turn _____ expression on/off (long term plasticity)

A

phosphorylation, gene

55
Q

a second messenger pathway that stimulates protein kinase A; channels

A

cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

56
Q

breaks down a phospholipid in the cell membrane, liberating two 2nd messengers: diacylglycerol (DAG) and inoitol triphosphate (IP3)

A

phosphoinositide

57
Q

DAG and IP3 increase concentration of _______ ions in the postsynaptic cell and activate _____ _______ _______. They are controlled by receptors for ACh, NE, and ______

A

Ca2+, protein kinase C, 5-HT

58
Q

DAG and IP3 increase concentration of _______ ions in the postsynaptic cell and activate _____ _______ _______. They are controlled by receptors for ACh, NE, and ______

A

Ca2+, protein kinase C, 5-HT

59
Q

If a drug acts a ______ it increases the rate of synthesis and activity, or it inhibits the ______ involved in synthesis to reduce transmitter levels

A

precursor, enzyme

60
Q

precursor to DA

A

L-DOPA

61
Q

5-HT precursor that helps with sleep

A

tryptophan

62
Q

inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase, involved in making DA and NE; can induce depressive like symptoms

A

alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT)

63
Q

inhibits tryptophan hydroxylase, involved in synthesizing 5-HT

A

para-chlorophenylalanine

64
Q

Drugs can block the storage of NT in ______, which exposes the NT to _______ _______ within the cell. An example is ______, which disrupts storage of _____, NE and 5-HT in vesicles by blocking ____ ________, causing depressive side effects

A

synaptic vesicles, enzymatic degradation, reserpine, DA, vesicular transporters

65
Q

Drugs can stimulate release of NT by reversing _____ ______. An example is _____ which takes free floating molecules inside the terminal and pushes them outside into the _______ through a non vesicular mechanism. Furthermore, NT released through regular synaptic transmission is ______ because regular transporters are not doing their job

A

uptake transporters, amphetamine, synapse, abundant

66
Q

stimulates the release of DA and NE through reversing uptake transporters

A

D-amphetamine

67
Q

A decongestant that works like amphetamine, which is preferential for NE and has less BBB permeability; constricts blood vessels in the nose, but long term use leads to downregulation of receptors

A

pseudoephedrine

68
Q

Drugs can directly block NT release. An example is ___ ____, which interferes with synaptic vesicle release of ______. It binds to proteins in the release point of the _______ _______, and prevents vesicles from binding and releasing NT. This results in face stretching but also impairment of ______ and ______

A

botulinum toxin, ACh, neuromuscular junction, respiration, movement

69
Q

Drugs can also stimulate ______, or block ______, the postsynaptic receptor.

A

agonist, antagonist

70
Q

An agonist that stimulates the micro-opioid receptor

A

heroin

71
Q

an antagonist that blocks adenosine receptors

A

caffeine

72
Q

an antagonist that blocks ACh muscarinic receptors - receptors in the brain and body involved in memory and congestion

A

atropine

73
Q

A drug can also stimulate or block an _______. An autoreceptor agonist such as ______ and ______, reduces transmitter levels. An autoreceptor antagonist such as _____ increases transmitter levels

A

autoreceptor, Clonidine, 8-OH-DPAT, yohimbine

74
Q

a NE autoreceptor agonist

A

clonidine

75
Q

a 5-HT autoreceptor agonist

A

9-OH-DPAT

76
Q

A NE autoreceptor antagonist which causes stress and anxiety like symptoms

A

yohimbine

77
Q

a 5-HT autoreceptor antagonist

A

pindolol

78
Q

Drugs can block the enzyme involved in NT _______, prolonging or enhancing the NT action. Examples are ____ which blocks acetyl-cholinesterase, that breaks down _____, and______ which blocks MAO which breaks down monoamines. However, these effects do not produce as rapid of effects as if you block _____

A

breakdown, physostigmine, ACh, phenelzine, reuptake

79
Q

Drugs can block ______ transporters enhancing NT action. Examples are ____ which blocks the transporters for DA, ____ and _____, and ______ antidepressants, which block the ____ transporter, causing it to build up in the synaptic space

A

uptake, cocaine, 5-HT, NE, tricyclic, NE

80
Q

additional binding sites other than the main one of the receptor

A

allosteric sites

81
Q

molecules that bind to additional sites on the receptor and alter receptor functioning; can have a positive or negative effect on receptor signaling

A

allosteric modulators

82
Q

Allosteric modulators have _____ effects on their own, as they can only _____ the effects of an agonist. Certain _____ hormones can act as allosteric modulators, which _____ ____ how much the receptor is turned on by the agonist. For an ionotropic receptor, the ion channel may _______ larger or smaller, while for a metabotropic receptor, it could be that the _____ ___ stays for longer, or a modulation in ______. Some _____ _____ are negative allosteric modulators

A

no, modulate, endogenous, fine tunes, open, second messenger, enzyme, inverse agonists

83
Q

pyramid shaped cells that function as the principle output neurons of the cerebral cortex

A

pyramidal neuron

84
Q

Neurotransmitter receptors and proteins on the postsynaptic side of the cleft

A

postsynaptic density

85
Q

the connection point between a neuron and muscle

A

neuromuscular junction

86
Q

both chemical and electrical transmission occur between neurons

A

mixed synapses

87
Q

when two neurons are connected by specialized proteins that permit the flow of electric current from one cell to the other

A

electrical synapse

88
Q

tight cell-to-cell synaptic interactions

A

wiring transmission

89
Q

specialized release sites near the postsynaptic cell - only vesicles located here can release NT

A

active zones

90
Q

the NTs that are immediately released

A

readily releasable pool

91
Q

The NTs further from active zones that can be called upon for release when the neuron is firing for a prolonged period of time

A

reserve pool

92
Q

the readying of vesicles for NT release once Ca2+ is there

A

priming

93
Q

when an ionotropic channel remains closed even though a ligand is bound and must be resensitized before it can be activated again

A

desensitization

94
Q

a second messenger that is regulated by NO, activates protein kinase G and is inactivated by phosphodiesterase

A

cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)

95
Q

a kinase activated by Ca2+ that help activate PKC

A

calcium calmodulin kinase II

96
Q

receptors that mediate the action of neurotrophic factors

A

tyrosine kinase receptors

97
Q

proteins that stimulate survival and growth of neurons during early development and are also involved in neuronal signaling

A

neurotrophic factors

98
Q

When various experiences can alter the strength of synaptic connections, resulting in both functional and structural changes; dendritic length, branching patterns, and dendritic spines can all be altered by drugs

A

synaptic plasticity

PSYC 462 (16 decks)

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