Alcohol

Question 1

___ of the population consumes alcohol, and ____% develop a use disorder

Answer 1

2/3, 10

Question 2

Ethanol is produced by the fermentation of sugars by ______. It is easily absorbed from the ____ tract and diffuses throughout the body, readily entering most tissues, including the _______.

Answer 2

yeast, GI, brain

Question 3

behavioural effects of alcohol are described on the basis of ____ ____ _____, rather than the amount ingested. BAC is _____ of alcohol / _____ mL of blood

Answer 3

blood alcohol concentration, mg, 100

Question 4

alcohol has _____ action. At lower doses, it causes _____, _____, relaxation, impairments in _____, and increased ____ ____. At higher doses, it causes _____ speech, impaired _____ ____ and ____, ____ and black out.

Answer 4

biphasic, disinhibition, euphoria, judgment, risk taking, slurred, motor coordination, memory, sedation

Question 5

At lower doses, alcohol preferentially suppresses smaller _____ _____ and has _____ like (disinhibitory) effects. At higher doses, there is broad suppression of ______ ____ neuron activity.

Answer 5

inhibitory interneurons, stimulant, cortical pyramidal

Question 6

effects of alcohol are influenced by an individual’s ____ and _____. Pronounced behavioural effects occur under ____ conditions when individuals believe they have ingested alcohol

Answer 6

environment, expectations, placebo

Question 7

alcohol diffuses across membranes of ______ ____ to the blood. The greater the alcohol ____ consumed, the more rapid the movement. ____ in the stomach slows absorption.

Answer 7

gastrointestinal tract, concentration, food

Question 8

alcohol is metabolized by alcohol _______ in the _____ and gastric fluid. In the gastric fluid, the enzyme is ____% more active in men vs women. As a consequences, a ____ concentration of alcohol will be absorbed into the bloodstream in women

Answer 8

dehydrogenase, liver, 60, higher

Question 9

about ____% of alcohol is metabolized by the liver. The remainder is excreted by the _____, and can be measured by a breathalyzer.

Answer 9

95, lungs

Question 10

alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to _____, which is then converted to ____ ____ by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH). ____% of Asian individuals have an ____ form of ALDH, which causes a buildup of toxic ______, resulting in flushing, ____, _____, _____, headache, and dizziness when alcohol is consumed

Answer 10

acetaldehyde, acetic acid, 10, inactive, acetaldehyde, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia

Question 11

the enzyme that converts acetaldehyde to acetic acid

Answer 11

acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)

Question 12

____ _____ family enzymes also convert alcohol to acetaldehyde. ____ ____ is the main one that metabolizes ethanol. When alcohol is consumed with other drugs, they ____ for the same enzyme molecules, and drug molecules can _____ to dangerous levels.

Answer 12

cytochrome P450, CYP 2E1, compete, accumulate

Question 13

Acute alcohol tolerance occurs within a ____ exposure. Drug effects are greater while blood alcohol levels are _____ and smaller when blood levels ______. Perception of intoxication also undergoes acute tolerance, as one feels ____ intoxicated on the declining limb of the blood alcohol _____

Answer 13

single, increasing, fall, less, curve

Question 14

metabolic tolerance to alcohol involves an increase in _____ ____ _____

Answer 14

cP450 liver enzymes

Question 15

Pharmacodynamic tolerance involves neurons adapting to repeated alcohol via compensatory changes in ___ ___

Answer 15

cell function

Question 16

Behavioural tolerance to alcohol can produce _____ and ______ to performing behaviours under the influence of alcohol. For example, repeated sessions of exposure to alcohol and running on a ____ resulted in some people getting better at running on it

Answer 16

adjustment, compensation, treadmill

Question 17

acute toxicity due to high doses of alcohol result in _____ or _____ due to the depression of ____ centres. The lethal dose is ______ BAC. Most do not reach lethal levels because vomitting occurs at _____ BAC, and unconsciousness occurs at _____ BAC. Additional symptoms of alcohol poisoning include slow and irregular ______, cold, _____ and ____ skin.

Answer 17

unconsciousness, death, respiratory, 0.45, 0.15, 0.35 breathing, clammy, bluish

Question 18

chronic toxicity heath concerns with heavy repeated drinking include ____ _____, particularly _______ syndrome which includes ______, _____, tremors, poor coordination, ____ and enlarged _______. Later stages are associated with severe ____ ____ and ______, linked to degeneration of the ____ ____. This is caused in part by vitamin _____ deficiency. Other brain areas show cell loss that seems to be unrelated to diet. This cell loss may be caused by _____ ___ that may occur during withdrawal

Answer 18

brain damage, Korsakoff’s, confusion, disorientation, ataxia, ventricles, anterograde amnesia, confabulation, medial thalamus, B1, glutamate excitotoxicty

Question 19

Alcohol molecules are ____ and readily crosses cell membranes, including the _____. It was two types of effects on neurons. Nonspecific actions are when alcohol interacts with the -_____ ____ of membrane lipids, altering their _____, and disturbs the relationships of ____ in the membrane. This can make neurons ____, making more ions flow in or out, and disrupt ______ function. Specific actions include interactions with _____ _____ on a particular protein, causing specific actions. This influences several _______ channels and _______ systems

Answer 19

small, BBB, polar heads, composition, proteins, leaky, receptor, specific sites, ligand-gated, second messenger

Question 20

Alcohol binds to and enhances opening of _____ receptors (similar to _____). ______ ______ can block the inhibitory effects of alcohol and reduce its ____ and ______ _____ effects. Drugs that enhance GABA activity ____ alcohol’s effects

Answer 20

GABA-A, benzodiazepines, GABA-A antagonists, inhibitory, anti anxiety, enhance

Question 21

Alcohol acts on a subset of GABA-A receptors: some _____ receptors are very sensitive to alcohol, ie. they respond to ____ doses than other receptors. These tend to contain ____, ____ and _____ subunits. Animals with ____ of these types of receptors consumed less alcohol, suggesting these receptors mediate its _____ effects

Answer 21

extrasynaptic, lower, delta, alpha4, alpha6, knockdown, reinforcing

Question 22

Repeated exposure to alcohol ____ GABA-A mediated inhibition (by reduced _____ flux). This may contribute to ____ tolerance and ____ symptoms. This results in cortical ______, ____ and ______

Answer 22

reduces, Cl-, pharmacodynamic, withdrawal, hyperactivity, convulsions, hallucinations

Question 23

Acute alcohol reduces the effectiveness of _____ glutamate receptors. Et-OH induced impairments in ____ and ____ are likely mediated by actions on these receptors. Repeated alcohol exposure ____ NMDA receptors

Answer 23

NMDA, learning, memory, up-regulates

Question 24

Acute alcohol can also reduce _____ release (likely through depressant effects). During withdrawal, glutamate shows a rebound increase after ~_____ hours, which is correlated with CNS ______ and _____ typical of withdrawal. Elevated glutamate during withdrawal causes excessive ______ influx, which causes ______. Frequent withdrawal episodes may be responsible for some ____ ____ seen in alcoholism, in particular in the _____.

Answer 24

glutamate, 10, hyperexcitability, seizures, Ca2+, excitotoxicity, brain damage, PFC

Question 25

acute alcohol increases _____ DA neurons firing and enhances DA release in regions such as the _______. Injections of alcohol directly in the ___ also increase DA release. Rats will self-administer alcohol into this area as well, and ______ NAcc DA receptors reduces but not _____ alcohol self administration

Answer 25

VTA, NAcc, VTA, blocking, abolishes

Question 26

repeated administration of alcohol can ____ the effects on DA release, which may contribute to its ____ properties. Alcohol withdrawal is associated with ______ DA activity, and this is correlated with increased withdrawal ___ and ____ responding for rewarding stimuli. These symptoms can be ______ with a dose of alcohol

Answer 26

sensitize, addictive, reduced, behaviours, reduced, reversed

Question 27

Some animal models have employed selective breeding for ______ and ____ rats. In drinker rats, the _____ system is much more responsive to alcohol than in nondrinkers. This may be the one mechanism that differentiates those who drink _____ vs those who get addicted. While there is no true animal model of ____, there are models for some specific components to determine how ____ conditions and / or _____ alcohol consumption may contribute to addiction

Answer 27

alcohol-preferring, non-preferring, dopamine, recreationally, alcoholism, pre-existing, chronic

Question 28

endogenous _____ also contribute to the reinforcing and potentially _____ effects of alcohol. Acute alcohol increases ___ and ___ production and or release. Chronic alcohol ____ opioid production, which may contribute to the ____ that accompanies chronic alcohol use and withdrawal.

Answer 28

opioids, pleasurable, endorphin, enkephalin, decreases, dysphoria

Question 29

opioid receptor ______ reduce alcohol self-administration. ____ ____ knockout mice fail to self-administer ethanol and sometimes show an ____ to the drug. In alcohol-preferring rat strains, endogenous opioids are ____ responsive to the effects of alcohol and the rats display higher ___ levels of mu-opioid receptors in regions such as the ___ and _____

Answer 29

antagonists, mu receptor, aversion, more, baseline, NAcc, amygdala