Caffeine and Nicotine

Question 1

Nicotine is an ____ found in the leaves of nicotiana tabacum. It was first isolated chemically in _____, and is a ______.

Answer 1

alkaloid, 1828, stimulant

Question 2

nicotine is ingested primarily by ____. A typical cigarette contains ____ mg of nicotine, but only ____ mg reaches the smoker’s bloodstream/ Nicotine enters the lungs on ____ ______ (tar), some of which are _______. Tar contributes to the ____/_____ that also contributes to the reinforcing effects of smoking

Answer 2

inhalation, 6-11, 1-3, hydrocarbon particles, carcinogenic, smell, taste

Question 3

nicotine acts as a direct _____ to active _____ ____ receptors, which contributes to its excitatory effects on neural activity.

Answer 3

agonist, nicotinic cholinergic

Question 4

nicotine readily passes through the absorbent surface of the ____ to the ______. It can also be absorbed through the mouth and _____. Typical smokers take about ____ puffs per cigarettes. This means 20 cigarettes is _____ puffs of nicotine. Each of these hits reaches the brain in ~____ seconds, which is ___x faster than IV. This ____, rapid, and controlled drug delivery contributes greatly the reinforcing properties of nicotine

Answer 4

lungs, bloodstream, nostrils, 10, 200, 7, 2, pulsatile

Question 5

nicotine can exert different subjective ____ effects in smokers vs nonsmokers. Non smokers tend to have an ____ reaction, feel heightened ____ and ___, ____, dizziness, nausea, and _____ effects. With repeated exposure, ____ develop to the aversive effects. Smokers experience some mild ____, a ___ or ____ state (relief from withdrawal symptoms), and ____ suppression.

Answer 5

psychoactive, aversive, tension, arousal, lightheadedness, gastrointestinal, tolerance, arousal, calm, relaxed, appetite

Question 6

Some mood-altering effects of smoking are ____ to nicotine intake (placebo-like effect) A study found that regular smokers smoking nicotine containing or ____ cigarettes decreased _____ _____.

Answer 6

unrelated, denicotinized, negative affect

Question 7

nicotine can have ____ enhancing effects, particularly on _____, primarily via actions on _____ transmission. Nicotine tends to act as a protective factor against ___ and _____. Pro-cognitive effects are observed in _______ smokers and in _____, using a _____ ____ in both humans and rats. It was also found in laboratory animals following ___ or _____ nicotine, and it was found to exert greater effects in individuals with _____ levels of performance. _____ is associated with attentional deficits, and much higher rates of smoking which is said to be a form of ____ _____

Answer 7

cognitive, attention, acetylcholine, PD, AD, abstinent, nonsmokers, nicotine patch, acute, chronic, low-baseline, schizophrenia, self medication

Question 8

pro cognitive effects of nicotine may be mediated via ____ containing receptors. Current drug discoveries are potential treatments for the cognitive deficits seen in ___ and ____

Answer 8

alpha-7, AD, SZ

Question 9

Humans and animals will self administer nicotine at the right ____ confirming its reinforcing effects. ____ ____ plays a key role in nicotine reinforcement. Nicotinic ____ reside on DA neuron cell bodies to _____ firing and increase _____ DA release. Excitatory effects on DA neurons can be induced by nicotine ____ or exposure to tobacco ______. Mecamylamine _____ this effect

Answer 9

dose, mesolimbic DA, receptors, stimulate, NAcc, injection, smoke, blocks

Question 10

a nicotine antagonist

Answer 10

mecamylamine

Question 11

nicotine ______ also reside on DA terminals in the NAcc which increase transmitter ____. Tobacco smoke contains compounds that inhibit ____ ___ (which metabolizes DA). This may also contribute to the reinforcing effects of smoking

Answer 11

heteroreceptors, release, monoamine oxidase

Question 12

Lesions of DA terminals in the NAcc with ____ _____ nicotine self-administration. Blocking DA receptors disrupts ___ ____ ___ to nicotine and ____ of nicotine seeking, suggesting DA contributes to _____. Genetic knockout of certain nicotine receptor subtypes such as _____, ____ and ____, prevent nicotine self administration, suggesting these receptors promote nicotine reinforcement. Conversely, other subtypes such as ___, ____ and ____ contribute to the aversive effects of nicotine

Answer 12

6-OHDA, attenuates, conditioned place preference, reinstatement, relapse, alpha-4, alpha-6, beta-2, alpha-3, alpha-5, beta-4

Question 13

Sensory and ______ stimuli associated with the act of smoking become conditioned to the reinforcing effects nicotine and function as ____ reinforcers. The desire to smoke ramps up at the time when smokers ____ to be smoking. Over a lifetime, a smoker will have _____s “pairings” with a mouthful of smoke, a burst of nicotine in their system and bursts of DA activity. ____ plays a key role in conditioned reinforcement. The ____ stimuli can become almost as reinforcing as the drug itself

Answer 13

temporal, conditioned, expect, 100,000, DA, sensory

Question 14

A study found that smokers preferred puffing on ____ cigarettes over receiving ___ nicotine infusions that mimicked blood levels produced by smoking. Tobacco companies would study and ___ sensory qualities of smoke to enhance the experience and make it more ____ forming

Answer 14

denicotinized, IV, manipulate, habit

Question 15

in acute tolerance, smokers experienced ____ effects of nicotine over the course of a ____. This is mediated by the ______ of nicotinic receptors, ie. they do not ____ as well, or do not ____ as wide. After overnight abstinence, smokers awaken more ___ to nicotine than at the end of the previous day

Answer 15

reduced, day, desensitization, bind, open, sensitive

Question 16

Chronic tolerance, in particular to ____ effects, are ____ on acute tolerance. Tolerance to aversive effects needs to occur for the smoker to experience the ____ effects of smoking. Repeated nicotine also elicits compensatory _____ of nicotinic receptors (triggered by acute _____), which can sensitize the system to nicotinic stimulation

Answer 16

aversive, superimposed, reinforcing, up-regulation, desensitization

Question 17

Longer term abstinence is associated with intense craving, _____, ______ and fatigue, difficulty _____, ____, ____ mood, increased ___ and craving _____. It can also cause ____, nausea, constipation or diarrhea, and falling ____ ____. This withdrawal syndrome has been related to reduced ___ release in the NAcc and increased ____

Answer 17

irritability, drowsiness, concentrating, anxiety, depressed, hunger, sweets, headache, heart rate, DA, CRF

Question 18

smokers experience day-to-day elevations and _____ in plasma nicotine. Early in the day increased plasma nicotine ____ mood above baseline. Later nicotine may merely maintain ___ mood (holding off ___ symptoms). For people dependent on nicotine, even brief abstinence ______ hours, leads to craving and urge to smoking. This is correlated with a drop in ____ ___ levels.

Answer 18

drops, elevates, neutral, withdrawal, 2-3, blood nicotine

Question 19

abstinence syndrome contributes for ____ weeks. Nicotine replacement therapies such as ___ prevents most symptoms. However, even with it, a majority of subjects were back to smoking at a ___ month follow up test. Thus, nicotine withdrawal is not the only reason that drives smokers to smoke or why they find it so hard to _____.

Answer 19

1-4, gum, 6, quit

Question 20

____ women than men smoke, and women also tend to smoker fewer cigarettes per ____, inhale less ____, are more influenced by the ____ aspects of smoking, and find it ____ to stop smoking.

Answer 20

fewer, day, deeply, non-nicotine, tougher

Question 21

The idea that smoking relieves stress and enhances ability to concentrate

Answer 21

nicotine resource model

Question 22

the idea that positive effects of smoking represent alleviation of irritability, stress, and poor concentration experienced during withdrawal

Answer 22

deprivation reversal model

Question 23

the most common pharmacological intervention is ____ ____. Nicotine relieves withdrawal symptoms and is delivered in safer ways than smoking such as through ____, a ___ ___, ___ ___ and _____. Other smoking cessation medications include ______ which was initially developed as an antidepressant. This acts as a ____ ___ ___ and weak ____ _____. _____ (chantix) is a partial agonist at high affinity ____ and _____ nicotinic receptors expressed in the VTA and other brain areas, which reduces nicotine ______. Users of chantix are told to smoke while the drug is on board which can lead to reduction in nicotine cravings during _____

Answer 23

nicotine replacement, gum, transdermal patch, nasal spray, inhalation, bupropion, DA uptake inhibitor, nicotinic agonist, varencline, alpha-4, beta-2, craving, abstinence

Question 24

a drug that acts as a DA uptake inhibitor and weak nicotinic agonist; used to treat nicotine addiction

Answer 24

bupropion (zyban)

Question 25

a partial agonist at high affinity alpha-4, beta-2 nicotinic receptors in the VTA and other areas that reduces nicotine cravings during abstinence

Answer 25

varenicline (chantix)

Question 26

Caffeine is one of the most widely used psychoactive drugs in the world and is absorbed by the GI tract in ____ minutes. It has a half life of ___ hours. The rate of plasma clearance is stimulated by ____ and reduced when it is terminated

Answer 26

30-60, 4, smoking

Question 27

people ingest caffeine mostly for its ___ and ____ effects. In controlled studies, humans report positive subjective effects, enhanced ___, ____ and ____ ____, even in non-consumers of caffeine. At high doses, people experience feelings of _____ and ____. In some cases, extremely high doses can induce _____.

Answer 27

stimulating, fatigue-reducing, vigor, concentration, cognitive functioning, tension, anxiety, psychosis

Question 28

physiological effects of acute caffeine intake include increased ____ ___ and _____, stimulation of ____ released from the adrenal medulla, and enhanced ___ ____ (diuresis) via suppression of ____ hormone release (similar to alcohol).

Answer 28

blood pressure, respiration, catecholamines, water excretion, antidiuretic

Question 29

chronic caffeine can cause tolerance to ____ effects, ability to disrupt ____, and ____ ____ effects.

Answer 29

subjective, sleep, cardiovascular, respiratory

Question 30

Withdrawal symptoms include _____, fatigue, impaired _____ and ____ performance, and mild ___ or _____, even after as little as ____ mg / day. Despite its ability to produce physical dependence, caffeine use typically does not meet criteria necessary to be considered ______, because it does not cause _____. In general, caffeine is thought to be quite ___ when consumed at appropriate doses, and coffee/tea may have some ___ health effects

Answer 30

headache, concentration, motor, anxiety, depression, 100, addictive, distress, safe, beneficial

Question 31

a neurotransmitter that has been proposed as a key modulator in inducing drowsiness

Answer 31

adenosine

Question 32

Adenosine is primarily an _____ neurotransmitter that can act on both ____ neurons and presynaptic _____ terminals. Adenosine levels in the brain tend to be _____ after waking from sleep and increase over the day that may serve as a type of sleep time _____. Extracellular adenosine comes from ____ released from inside cells and is then broken down to adenosine, which stimulates _____ receptors

Answer 32

inhibitory, postsynaptic, glutamate, lowest, block, ATP, extracellular

Question 33

At doses typically ingested, caffeine acts as an adenosine receptor ____ that mediates its stimulant effects. ___ adenosine receptors have been identified and the stimulant effects of caffeine are primarily on the ___ subtype.

Answer 33

antagonist, 4, A2A

Question 34

caffeine has other neural effects such as blocking _____ receptors, and stimulating ____ release, but at higher, ___ doses than typically ingested

Answer 34

GABA-A, Ca2+ toxic

Question 35

A2A receptors are on ____ output neurons in the _____ /_____ ____, and form _____ (two receptor complex) with _____ receptors. Activation of A2A receptors can reduce ____ of D2 receptors for DA, decreasing ______ / behaviourally activating effects of DA

Answer 35

GABA, dorsal, ventral striatum, heteromers, D2, affinity, arousing

Question 36

by blocking adenosine receptors, caffeine can ____ D2 signalling, leading to mild arousal and ____ activation, reduce _____ effect of adenosine on other post-synaptic neurons, and presynaptic ____ terminals, increasing neural activity.

Answer 36

enhance, psychomotor, inhibitory, glutamate

Question 37

_____ combined with caffeine can make treatment for PD more effective, due to enhancement of ____ signalling

Answer 37

L-DOPA, D2