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PSYC 462 > CH 5 > Flashcards

CH 5 Flashcards

1
Q

NE and EPI are released from the ____ _____, and EPI transmission in the brain is _____

A

adrenal medulla, minor

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2
Q

DA and NE subserve important behavioural functions (5)

A
  1. motor, 2. learning and memory, 3. attention, 4. reward, 5. motivation and emotions
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3
Q

Dysfunctional catecholamine transmission has been linked to numerous diseases such as _____, ____, _____, _____ and _____ ____

A

Parkinson’s, Schizophrenia, Depression, ADHD, drug addiction

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4
Q

the amino acid that is the precursor to DOPA

A

tyrosine

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5
Q

then enzyme that converts tyrosine to DOPA; is slow

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

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6
Q

TH is the _____ enzyme in the pathway that determines the overall ________ synthesis

A

rate-limiting, DA/NE

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7
Q

TH and ____ _____ are found in neurons that make ______.

A

dopamine decarboxylase, DA

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8
Q

the enzyme that converts DOPA to dopamine; is fast

A

dopamine decarboxylase

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9
Q

the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine

A

dopamine beta-hydroxylase

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10
Q

____ catecholamine levels inhibit TH activity through ____ _____. Increased ___ of firing during times of ____ stimulates TH to accelerate catecholamine synthesis

A

high, negative feedback, rate, stress

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11
Q

a drug that is a precursor to dopamine and quickly taken up; increases DA levels

A

L-DOPA

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12
Q

a drug that blocks TH, preventing synthesis of DA and NE

A

alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT)

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13
Q

AMPT induces _____, depression, reduced ____ _____, and its effects can be reversed with ______

A

sedation, blood pressure, L-DOPA

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14
Q

transporter that packages DA/NE into vesicles

A

vesicular monoamine transport (VMAT)

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15
Q

Drug that blocks VMAT, preventing DA and NE from being packaged, and making transmitter levels drop

A

reserpine

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16
Q

reserpine causes sedation and _____ as well as ___ effects - this effect led to the ______ theory of depression

A

depression, systemic, monoamine

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17
Q

the enzymes that metabolize catecholamines

A

monoamine oxidase (MAO), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)

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18
Q

the main DA metabolite

A

homovanilic acid

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19
Q

the main NE metabolite in the brain

A

3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG)

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20
Q

Metabolites enter the ____ and ____ and are eliminated via _____

A

CSF, bloodstream, urine

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21
Q

a MAO inhibitor used to treat clinical depression

A

phenelzine (Nardil)

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22
Q

A COMT inhibitor that enhances the effectiveness of L-DOPA in treating Parkinson’s disease

A

tolcapone (tasmar)

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23
Q

Many DA and NE terminal are _____ ___ with no direct connection. Their axons exhibit repeated swellings / _______ filled with synaptic vesicles that form ____ _____ synapses. Some form tight synapses onto ____, but many do not. This allows for ______ transmission

A

free floating, varicosities, en passant, dendrites, volume

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24
Q

DA membrane transporter protein that removes DA from the synaptic cleft

A

DAT

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25
Q

NE membrane transporter protein that removes NE from the synaptic cleft

A

NET

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26
Q

NET and DAT can also take up _____ and ____ respectively, because of similar structure of the two molecules

A

DA, NE

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27
Q

Blocking NET or DAT leads to greater ______ NT levels; transmitter levels build up with each _______. If catecholamine neurons are not firing, blocking NET or DAT ________ increase transmitter release.

A

extracellular, impulse, do not

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28
Q

drug that inhibits reuptake of all monoamines (DA, NE, 5-HT)

A

cocaine

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29
Q

drugs that inhibit reuptake of both NE and 5-HT

A

tricyclic antidepressants

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30
Q

Drug that selectively inhibits reuptake of catecholamines

A

methylphenidate (ritalin)

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31
Q

a drug that selectively inhbits reuptake of NE transporters

A

statera

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32
Q

drugs that reverse the DA/NE transporter so that molecules from inside the terminal are pushed out into the synapse

A

amphetamines

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33
Q

amphetamines increase transmitter release _____ of cell firing, and are relatively _______, acting on _____, ____ and also ____ terminals

A

independent, non-selective, DA, 5-HT, NE

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34
Q

Amphetamines that enter the brain increase _____ activity. This is primarily driven by increased ___ in the _____. At higher doses, this is replaced by _____ behaviours such as intense sniffing, repetitive ____/____ movements, licking, and biting.

A

locomotor, DA, NAcc, stereotyped, limb/head

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35
Q

Lower doses of amphetamine ____ DA release in the accumbens, while at higher doses, more DA activation occurs throughout the ____ ______

A

saturates, dorsal striatum

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36
Q

when repeated exposure causes increase in sensitivity to effects of the drug at the same dose

A

Sensitization

37
Q

Involves two groups getting the same starting dose of amphetamine, then daily injections of either saline, or high doses of amphetamine for 5 days. On test day, both groups get the same dose of amphetamine, but only the amphetamine group will have a greater locomotor response

A

amphetamine induced locomotion

38
Q

Drugs have multiple _____, some can develop tolerance, while others _____ in parallel. Most drugs of abuse with high addictive potential can produce ______ of some effects with repeated exposure

A

actions, sensitize, sensitization

39
Q

At lower doses, drugs like _____ have a number of therapeutic effects such as working as a powerful _____ to promote wakefulness. However, one key side effect is that it reduces ____ sleep. It can also work as a cognitive enhancer for _____, ____ ____ and ____ ____, in healthy humans and in those with certain psychiatric disorders. This is thought to be mediated by enhancing catecholamine activity in the ____ _____. However, enhancement of these functions comes at the sacrifice of other functions such as _____ _____. Prolonged use at higher doses may lead to longer-lasting, _____ alterations in brain systems

A

amphetamine, stimulant, REM, attention, working memory, memory encoding, frontal lobes, creative thought, detrimental

40
Q

Monoamine _______ reside on axon terminals and cell bodies. Activation enhances opening of ______ K+ channels and shortens duration of _______ _______. On terminals, this reduces _____ influx and transmitter exocytosis. On cells bodies, this reduces neural ______.

A

autoreceptors, voltage-gated, action potentials, Ca2+, firing

41
Q

Firing at a cell body causes ______ release which acts on _______ _____ to reduce neural firing

A

local, somatodendritic autoreceptors

42
Q

DA receptor that is an autoreceptor and also postsynaptic receptor

A

D2 receptor

43
Q

NE receptor that is an autoreceptor and also a postsynaptic receptor

A

alpha-2 subtype

44
Q

Lower doses of a D2/alpha2 _____ can have one effect (e.g. reducing catecholamine release via the ______), while a higher dose has the opposite effect by activating _____ receptors

A

agonist, autoreceptor, postsynaptic

45
Q

Selective knockout of D2 autoreceptors in animals leads to greater DA-mediated ______ confirming that these receptors _____ DA transmission

A

locomotion, attenuate

46
Q

cell groups that are noredrenergic

A

A1-A7

47
Q

cell groups that are dopaminergic

A

A8-A16

48
Q

_____ DA neurons originate in the substantia nigra and extend to the _____ _____ (dorsal striatum). This pathway facilitates ______ ________. Parkinson’s disease involves the loss of DA neurons in the substantia nigra and denervation of the _____. Neurotoxins _____ and ____ have been used to damage this pathway in animal models for PD

A

A9, caudate putamen, voluntary movement, striatum, 6-OHDA, MPTP

49
Q

Dorsal striatum DA aids in ____ _____, promoting the best action while ____ others. Loss of DA may cause _____ movements because the striatum cannot select the best action

A

action selection, suppressing, rigid

50
Q

the _____ cell group is in the VTA, and gives rise to the ____ and ____ pathways

A

A10, mesolimbic, mesocortical

51
Q

The mesolimbic pathway, extends to various ___ ______ nuclei such as the NAcc and _______. DA input to the accumbens facilitates forward ______. This pathway is linked heavily to _______ and ____ functions. It is critical for facilitating ____ of rewards and other goals, but does not mediate _____

A

limbic, system, amygdala, locomotion, reward, motivational, obtainment, pleasure

52
Q

The mesocortical pathway involves projection to the ____ _____. These DA terminals have few DA ______, and most of the DA clearance in the cortex is done by _____ and _____. This pathway is linked to _____ ____ (working memory, attention, cognitive flexibility). _______ receptors are more heavily expressed in PFC regions than _____.

A

frontal cortex, transporters, COMT, NET, executive function, D2, D1

53
Q

DA and NE modulation of some cognitive functions such as ___ _____ takes the shape of an inverted U shaped curve. Too little or too much DA can result in _____, _____, _____ and ____ ______, as well as _____ ______. Just right DA modulation results in optimal ____, focus and attention, as well as good _____.

A

working memory, hyperactivity, distractibility, impulsivity, poor judgment, cognitive inflexibility, cognition, judgment

54
Q

There are _____ dopamine receptor subtypes. All are _____. ____ and ____ receptors are similar in structure and pharmacology, while ____, ____ and _____ are a separate family.

A

five, metabotropic, D1, D5, D2, D3, D4

55
Q

D1 receptor activation stimulates ___ ____ and ____ synthesis, while ____ has the opposite effect.

A

adenylyl cyclase, D2

56
Q

D1 and D2 receptors are found in all brain regions that receive DA _____, while ____ and ____ receptors show more regional variations. In many brain regions, such as the ___ ___, there are separate populations of neurons that express only ___ or ____ receptors

A

innervation, D3, D4, dorsal striatum, D1, D2

57
Q

D2 receptors have a _____x higher affinity for DA compared to ____ receptors. Typically ____ concentrations of DA are required to activate D1 receptors

A

5, D1, higher

58
Q

Some DA receptors are heteroreceptors on ______ terminals that modulate ____ ____ presynaptically. For example, PFC cortical ____ terminals in the striatum contain ____ receptors, and activation of these _____ glu release

A

glu/GABA, fast transmission, glutamate, D2, attenuates

59
Q

an agonist that sitmulate both D1 and D2 receptors causing behavioural activation similar to that seen with cocaine and amphetamine

A

apomorphine

60
Q

DA receptor agonists are used for treatment of ___ symptoms, when L-DOPA is less effective

A

parkinson’s disease

61
Q

an antagonist that blocks both D1-D2 receptors, reducing motivation and at higher doses, producing catalepsy

A

flupenthixol

62
Q

lack of spontaneous movement

A

catalepsy

63
Q

There are DA receptor drugs that show good selectivity between _____ families, but poorer selectivity ____ a family

A

D1/D2, within

64
Q

an antagonist that has >1000x affinity for D2 like vs D1 receptors, but binds with D2, D3 and D4 with similar affinity

A

haloperidol

65
Q

When initially, an antagonist blocks the effects of a DA agonist, but after chronic treatment, it is no longer effective, and when treatment is stopped, a DA agonist causes a greater locomotor response

A

dopamine supersensitivity

66
Q

dopamine supersensitivity may underlie why some _____ stop working over time.

A

antipsychotics

67
Q

greater sensitivity to a DA agonist after chronic antagonist treatment may be caused due to increased ____ of D2 receptor (receptor ____)

A

density, upregulation

68
Q

most NE neuron cell bodies are found in the ___ and _____, in the brainstem. NE has more ____ innvervation than DA, and axons extend to nearly all of the ____ as well as the ____ and ___ ____

A

pons, medulla, diffuse, forebrain, cerebellum, spinal cord

69
Q

The A6 cell group is a dense collection of NE neurons in the _____ ______ (pons)

A

locus coeruleus

70
Q

the ____ nervous system uses NE that reaches its target organs by release from sympathetic noradrenergic neurons at _______ contacts onto the heart, lungs, and ____ ___, and release from___ ____ that travel in the bloodstream to target organs but cannot cross the _____. Both paths are turn on in ____ situations but are kept separate

A

sympathetic, synapse-like, gastrointestinal tract, adrenal glands, blood brain barrier, stressful

71
Q

There are two families of adrenergic receptors, ____ and ____, both of which are ____ and distributed widely across cortical and ____ sites

A

alpha, beta, metabotropic, subcortical

72
Q

alpha-1 receptors operate via the _____ 2nd messenger system and are _____. They exert _____ effects on organs or neurons by increasing intracellular ____.

A

phosphoinositide, postsynaptic, excitatory, Ca2+

73
Q

an alpha-1 receptor agonist

A

phenylephrine

74
Q

an alpha-1 receptor antagonist

A

prazosin

75
Q

alpha-2 receptors reduce _____ synthesis and serve as both _____ autoreceptors and _____ receptors. they reduce NE transmission by reducing firing of ___ ___, or by ____ the cell

A

cAMP, presynaptic, postsynaptic, cell bodies, hyperpolarizing

76
Q

alpha-2 receptor agonist that reduces NE release in both the brain and body, slowing heart rate

A

clonidine

77
Q

an alpha-2 receptor antagonist that blocks both postsynaptic and autoreceptors, leading to an anxiogenic type response

A

yohimbine

78
Q

beta-1 and beta-2 receptors stimulate ___ ____ and enhance synthesis of _____. In the periphery, beta-1 receptors are on ____ cells.

A

adenylyl cyclase, cAMP, cardiac

79
Q

an agonist for beta-1 or beta-2 receptors

A

isoproterenol

80
Q

an antagonist for beta-1 or beta-2 receptors

A

propranolol

81
Q

NE is key for maintaining _____. LC neurons fire more rapidly during waking vs ______, and they are almost completely silent during ______. NE projections to the medial _____ and medial ____ areas promote wakefulness. Intracranial injections of alpha-1 or beta receptor _____ increase _____ times. Pharmacological reduction of NE activity typically cause ____ at higher doses

A

arousal, sleep, REM, septal, preoptic, agonist, awake, sedation

82
Q

Pharmacological increases in NE can promote _____ feelings of anxiety in animals and humans. Humans tested on the virtual version of the _____ ____ _____, spend ____ time in open arms. This is increased with administration of _____, whereas an _____ ______ has the opposite effect.

A

stress-like, elevated plus maze, less, yohimbine, anxiolytic benzodiazepine

83
Q

NE regulates cognitive functions mediated by the ____ such as attention, and working memory. Reserpine ______ performance in the delayed object recognition task. Experimental or _____ depletion of PFC NE is detrimental for these functions. Aged monkeys given a _____ during a task show greater _____ than younger monkeys If NE signalling is boosted during the distractor, performance returns to ____

A

PFC, decreases, age-related, distractor, impairment, baseline

84
Q

activation of PFC _____ receptors by ______ relieves working memory impairments likely via activation of ______ receptors, suggesting that under normal conditions, NE facilitates PFC function via activation of these receptors.

A

alpha-2, guanfacine-GFC, postsynaptic

85
Q

Stress can cause ____ increases in PFC NE levels and impair ____ _____. It is proposed to take the PFC ____ so that sensory-motor / affective regions have greater ____ over behaviour. Stress induced impairments in PFC function are driven in part by _____ receptors. Stimulating PFC ____ receptors impairs cognition. Antagonizing them can ____ stress-induced impairments.

A

excessive, cognitive function, offline, control, alpha, alpha-1, ameliorate

86
Q

NE has a lower affinity for _____ receptors vs ____ receptors. ______ concentrations of NE activate _____ receptors and start counteracting the effects of activation by alpha-2 receptors

A

alpha-1, alpha-2, higher, alpha-1

87
Q

An alpha-1 receptor _____ by itself, does not have any effect, while in combination with ____ it ameliorates stress induced cognitive impairment. Stress induced increase in NE may increase ____ receptor activation, which leads to cognitive impairment

A

antagonist, stress, alpha-1

88
Q

NE may mediate ____ ____ that is enhanced by strong ___ ____. ______ receptor antagonists disrupt the enhancement of memory for _____ but not _____ content without disrupting the ____ ______. Emotional events increase NE release in the ____, which can enhance consolidation of memories. This may be the type of memory modulation underlying _____

A

memory consolidation, emotional states, beta-adrenergic, emtoional, neutral, emotional response, amygdala, PTSD

PSYC 462 (16 decks)

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