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A&P 2 > Ch.19 - The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Ch.19 - The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Three parts of lymphatic system

A

network of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics), lymph, lymph nodes

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2
Q

lymph

A

fluid in vessels

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3
Q

lymph nodes

A

cleanse lymph

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4
Q

lymphoid organs and tissues

A

provide structural basis of immune system by housing phagocytic cells and lymphocytes

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5
Q

lymphoid structures

A

spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes

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6
Q

lymphatic system

A

returns interstitial fluid and plasma proteins back to blood

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7
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

elaborate network of drainage vessels

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8
Q

once interstitial fluid enters lymphatics, it is called…

A

lymph

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9
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

blind-ended vessels that weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries

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10
Q

How are lymphatic capillaries different from blood capillaries?

A

more permeable; can take up larger molecules and particles that blood can’t

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11
Q

Increased permeability of lymphatic capillaries is caused by two specialized structures

A

endothelial cells overlap loosely to form one-way minivalves; MVs anchored by collagen filaments to matrix

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12
Q

lacteals

A

specialized lymph capillaries present in intestinal mucosa; absorb digested fat and deliver fatty lymph (chyle) to the blood

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13
Q

lymphatic trunks

A

formed by union of largest collectin vessels, drain large areas of body

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14
Q

Regions lymphatic trunks drain:

A

lumbar, bronchomediatinal, subclavian, jugular trunks, intestinal trunk

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15
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

drains right upper arm and right side of head and thorax

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16
Q

thoracic duct

A

drains rest of body

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17
Q

lymphangitis

A

condition in which lymphatic vessels appear as painful red lines under skin; caused by inflammation of larger lymphatic vessels that contain vaso vasorum

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18
Q

lymphedema

A

severed localized edema; caused by anything that prevents normal return of lmph to blood

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19
Q

immune system cells

A

lymphocytes

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20
Q

two types of lymphocytes

A

T cells; B cells

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21
Q

T cells & B cells

A

protect against antigens

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22
Q

T cells

A

manage immune response

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23
Q

B cells

A

produce plasma cells which secrete antibodies

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24
Q

other lymphoid immune cells

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

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25
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells

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26
Q

dendritic cells

A

capture antigens and deliver them to lymph nodes

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27
Q

reticular cells

A

produce reticular fibers called stroma

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28
Q

main functions of lymphoid tissue

A

houses and provides proliferation sites for lymphocytes; offers surveillance vantage points for lymphocytes and macrophages as they filter through lymph

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29
Q

two types of lymphoid tissues

A

diffuse lymphoid tissue, lymphoid follicles (nodules)

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30
Q

diffuse lymphoid tissue

A

loose arrangement of lymphoid cells and some reticular fibers

31
Q

lymphoid follicles (nodules)

A

solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed lymphoid cells and reticular fibers

32
Q

lymphoid organs are groups into two functional categories

A

primary and secondary

33
Q

primary lymphoid organs

A

areas where T and B cells mature - red bone marrow and thymus

34
Q

T and B cells originate in ___ ___, but only __ cells mature there; __ cells mature in thymus

A

bone marrow, B, T

35
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigen and become activated

36
Q

what are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

nodes, spleen, MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue), and diffuse lymphoid tissues

37
Q

lymph nodes

A

principal secondary organs or body

38
Q

Where are most lymph nodes found?

A

embedded deep in connective tissue in clusters along lymphatic vessels

39
Q

Two main functions of lymph nodes

A

cleanse the lymph; immune system activation

40
Q

lymph nodes are surrounded by

A

external fibrous capsule

41
Q

capsule fibers extend inward as ___ that divide node into compartments

A

trabecule

42
Q

two histologically distinct regions of node

A

cortex, medulla

43
Q

lymph enters convex side of node via

A

afferent lymphatic vessels

44
Q

lymph travels through large ___ ___ and then into smaller sinuses found throughout cortex and medulla

A

subscapsular sinus

45
Q

buboes

A

inflamed, swollen, tender lymph nodes that result when nodes are overwhelmed by what they are trying to destroy

46
Q

largest lymphoid organ

A

spleen

47
Q

the spleen is served by ___ ___ and __, which enter and exit at the ___

A

splenic artery, vein, hilum

48
Q

Spleen Functions

A

site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response; cleanses blood of aged blood cells and platelets, macrophages remove debris

49
Q

The spleen consists of two components

A

white pulp and red pulp

50
Q

white pulp

A

site where immune function occurs; contains mostly lymphocytes on reticular fibers

51
Q

where are white pulp clusters found?

A

around central arteries; appear as islands of white in a sea of red pulp

52
Q

red pulp

A

site where old blood cells and bloodborne pathogens are destroyed

53
Q

red pulp is composed of

A

splenic cords (reticular tissue) that separate blood-filled splenic sinusoids (venous sinuses)

54
Q

In children younger than 12 years, what happens if their spleen is removed?

A

spleen will regenerate if a small part is left

55
Q

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

A

lymphoid tissues in mucous membranes throughout body; protects from pathogens trying to enter body

56
Q

Where are the largest collections of MALT found?

A

tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix

57
Q

palatine tonsils

A

at posterior end of oral cavity; largest tonsils and most often infected

58
Q

lingual tonsil

A

lumpy collection of follicles at base of tongue

59
Q

pharyngeal tonsil

A

also called adenoids; located in posterior wall of nasopharynx

60
Q

tubal tonsils

A

surrounded openings of auditory tubes into pharynx

61
Q

tonsils function

A

gather and remove pathogens in food or air

62
Q

tonsilar crypts

A

overlying epithelium invaginates; bacteria or particulate matter enters crypts, where they are trapped and destroyed

63
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

clusters of lymphoid follicles in wall of distal portion of small intestine; also called aggregated lymphoid nodules

64
Q

Peyer’s patches function

A

destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall; generate “memory” lymphocytes

65
Q

appendix

A

offshoot of first part of large intestine; contains a large number of lymphoid follicles

66
Q

appendix functions

A

destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall; generate “memory” lymphocytes

67
Q

thymus

A

bilobed lymphoid organ found in inferior neck; extends into mediastinum and partially overlies heart

68
Q

thymus function

A

functions as lymphoid organ where T cells mature

69
Q

Stops growing during adolescence, then gradually atrophies

A

thymus

70
Q

Thymus differs from other lymphoid organs in important ways

A

has no follicles bc it lacks B cells; doesn’t directly fight antigens

71
Q

blood thymus barrier

A

keeps immature T lymphocytes isolated from any antigens to prevent premature activation

72
Q

stroma

A

made up of epithelial cells, not reticular fibers; provide environment in which T lymphocytes become immunicompetent

73
Q
A

A&P 2 (20 decks)

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