Ch. 21 AA Flashcards
Major functions of respiratory system
supply body with O2 for cellular respiration and dispose of CO2
respiration involves four processes
pulmonary ventilation (breathing), external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration
pulmonary ventilation
movement of air into and out of lungs
external respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood
respiratory system
pulmonary ventilation, external respiration
circulatory system
transport, internal respiration
internal respiration
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Major upper respiratory organs
nose and nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
major lower respiratory organs
larynx, trachea, bronchi and branches, lungs and aveoli
Nose Function
produces mucus; filters, warms, and moistens incoming air; resonance chamber for speech
paranasal sinuses function
lighten skull; warm, moisten, and filter incoming air
pharynx function
facilitates exposure of immune system to inhaled antigens
larynx function
air passageway; prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract
trachea function
air passageway; cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air
bronchial tree
air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli; cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air
alveoli function
main sites of gas exchange
lungs function
house respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi
pleurae function
produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalize lungs
only external portion of respiratory system
nose
two regions of nose
external nose, nasal cavity
external nose areas
root (area between eyebrows); bridge dorsum nasi (anterior margin); apex (tip of nose)
nostrils
bounded laterally by alae
posterior nasal apertures (choanae)
opening where nasal cavity turns into nasopharynx
nasal vestibule
nasal cavity superior to nostrils
vibrissae
hairs that line the nasal vestibule; filter coarse particles from inspired air
olfactory mucosa
lines superior region of nasal cavity and contains olfactory epithelium
respiratory mucosa
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that contains goblet cells and rests on lamina propria that contains many seromucous nasal glands
nasal conchae
scroll-like, mucosa-covered projections that protrude medially from each lateral wall of nasal cavity
three sections of nasal conchae
superior, middle, and inferior conchae
nasal meatus
groove inferior to each concha
shape of the nasal conchae helpt o
increase mucosal area; enhance air turbulence
paranasal sinuses
form ring around nasal cavities
rhinitis
inflammation of nasal mucosa
pharynx
funnel-shaped muscular tube that runs from base of skull to vertebra C6
three regions of pharynx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
located on posterior wall of nasopharynx
nasopharynx
soft palate and uvula close it during swallowing
pharyngotympanic tubes (auditory tubes)
drain and equalize pressure in middle ear and open into lateral walls
oropharynx
passageway for food and air from level of soft palate to epiglottis; lining consists of stratified squamous epithelium
isthmus of fauces
opening to oral cavity
palatine tonsils
located in lateral walls of fauces
lingual tonsil
located on posterior surface of tongue
laryngopharynx
passageway for food and air; extends to larynx, where it is continuous with esophagus; lined with stratified squamous epithelium
lower respiratory system consists of
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
respiratory zone
site of gas exhange; respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
conducting zone
conduits that transport gas to and from gas exchange sites
three functions of larynx
provides patent airway; routes air and food into proper channels; voice production
thyroid cartilage
large, shield-shaped cartilage taht resembles and upright open book; “spine” is laryngeal prominence (Adam’s apple)
nine hyaline cartilages in larynx
cricoid; paired arytenoid; paired cuneiform; paired corniculate
epiglottis
elastic cartilage; covers laryngeal inlet during swallowing; covered in taste bud-containing mucosa
vocal ligaments (true vocal cords)
form core of vocal folds
glottis
opening between vocal folds
vestibular folds (false vocal cords)
no part in sound production; help to close glottis during swallowing
epithelium of larynx
superior portion: stratified squamous epithelium; inferior to vocal fold: pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
