Ch. 21 AB

Question 1

speech

Answer 1

intermittent release of expired air during opening and closing of glottis

Question 2

Sound is “shaped” into language by

Answer 2

muscles of pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips

Question 3

sphincter functions of the larynx

Answer 3

vocal folds may act as sphincter to prevent air passage

Question 4

Valsalva’s maneuver

Answer 4

glottis closes to prevent exhalation, abdominal muscles contract, intra-abdominal pressure rises; helps to empty rectum or stabilizes trunk during heavy lifting

Question 5

laryngitis

Answer 5

inflammation of the vocal folds that causes the vocal folds to swell, interfering with vibrations

Question 6

trachea (windpipe)

Answer 6

extends from larynx into mediastinum, where it divides into two main bronchi

Question 6

3 layers of trachea wall

Answer 6

mucosa, submucosa, adventitia

Question 7

mucosa

Answer 7

ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with goblet cells

Question 8

submucosa

Answer 8

connective tissue with seromucous glands supported by 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings that prevent collapse of trachea

Question 9

adventitia

Answer 9

outermost layer made of connective tissue

Question 10

trachealis

Answer 10

consists of smooth muscle fibers that connect posterior parts of cartilage rings; contracts during coughing to expel mucus

Question 11

carina

Answer 11

last tracheal cartilage that is expanded and found at point where trachea branches into two main bronchi; mucosa is highly sensitive

Question 12

Without ciliary activity, ___ is the only way to prevent mucus from accumulating in ____

Answer 12

coughing; lungs

Question 13

Heimlich maneuver

Answer 13

procedure in which air in victim’s lungs is used to “pop out”, or expel, an obstructing piece of food

Question 14

bronchial tree

Answer 14

the 23 orders of branching that air passages undergo

Question 15

from tips of bronchial tree:

Answer 15

conducting zone structures give rise to respiratory zone structures

Question 16

conducting zone structures

Answer 16

trachea divides to form right and left main (primary) bronchi

Question 17

Each main bronchus enters ___ of one lung. Each main bronchus then branches into ___ (___) ___

Answer 17

hilum; lobar (secondary) bronchi

Question 18

Each lobar bronchus branches into ___ (___) ___

Answer 18

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

Question 19

bronchioles

Answer 19

less than 1 mm in diameter

Question 20

terminal bronchioles

Answer 20

smallest of all branches; less than 0.5 mm in diameter

Question 21

Respiratory zone structures

Answer 21

respiratory zone begins where terminal bronchioles feed into respiratory bronchioles, which lead into alveolar ducts and finally into alveolar sacs (saccules)

Question 22

alveolar sacs contain clusters of

Answer 22

alveoli; sites of actual gas exchange

Question 23

respiratory membrane

Answer 23

blood air barrier that consists of alveolar and capillary walls along with their fused basement membranes

Question 24

alveolar wall consists of:

Answer 24

single layer of squamous epithelium (type 1 alveolar cells); scattered cuboidal (type 2 alveolar cells) secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins

Question 25

alveoli are surrounded by

Answer 25

fine elastic fibers and pulmonary capillaries

Question 26

alveolar pores

Answer 26

connect adjacent alveoli; equalize air pressure throughout lung; provide alternate routes in case of blockages

Question 27

alveolar macrophages

Answer 27

keep alveolar surfaces sterile

Question 28

hilum

Answer 28

site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

Question 29

left lung

Answer 29

separated into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure

Question 30

cardiac notch

Answer 30

concavity for heart to fit into

Question 31

right lung

Answer 31

separated into superior, middle, and inferior lobes

Question 32

superior and middle lobes of lungs are separated by

Answer 32

horizontal fissure

Question 33

bronchopulmonary segments

Answer 33

each is served by its own artery vein, and bronchus; if one segment is diseased, it can be individually removed

Question 34

lobules

Answer 34

smallest subdivisions visible to naked eye; hexagonal segments served by bronchioles and their branches

Question 35

pulmonary arteries

Answer 35

deliver systemic venous blood from heart to lungs for oxygenation

Question 36

pulmonary veins

Answer 36

carry oxygenated blood from respiratory zones back to heart

Question 37

activates blood pressure hormone

Answer 37

angiotensin-converting enzyme

Question 38

two lung circulations

Answer 38

pulmonary and bronchial

Question 39

nerves enter the lungs through the

Answer 39

pulmonary plexus

Question 40

pleurae

Answer 40

thin, double-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into two pleural compartments and mediastinum

Question 41

parietal pleura

Answer 41

membrane on thoracic wall; around leart

Question 42

visceral pleura

Answer 42

membrane on external lung surface

Question 43

pleural fluid

Answer 43

fills slitlike pleural cavity between two pleurae; provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs

Question 44

pleurisy

Answer 44

inflammation of pleurae that often results from pnemonia

Question 45

pleural effusion

Answer 45

fluid accumulation in pleural cavity