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history of psych > Ch.12 Social Psych > Flashcards

Ch.12 Social Psych Flashcards

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1
Q

Soloman Asch (1907-1996)

A

Polish-American social psychologist who studied conformity, wrote social psychology (1952)

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2
Q

What was Asch interested in and studied?

A

Interested in perception and memory

Studied conformity/visual discrimination

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3
Q

Who used confederates in experiments?

A

Asch

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4
Q

Confederates

A

collaborators with the experimenter

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5
Q

Asch’s Conformity Study

A

Conformity: Changing bhvr as a result of real or imagined group pressure
Participants: Male college students in a study concerning visual discrimination tasks
Some participants began to give obviously wrong answers

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6
Q

What did they find from Asch Conformity study?

A

Found true participants went along with incorrect answers ⅓ of the time. true participants tested individually

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7
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

American social psychologist

Conducted controversial studies on obedience to authority

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8
Q

Who was a mentor to Asch?

A

Stanley Milgram

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9
Q

Obedience to Authority (1974) (Milgram)

A

where he proposed that participants had undergone Agentic shift

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10
Q

Agentic shift

A

proces in which people transfer responsibility for their own actions to an authority figure

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11
Q

Consequences of the obedience studies:

A

Review of ethical treatment,
Solidified that situation is the main determinant of behavior
Demonstrated that carefully scripted scenarios in the lab could be used to test hypotheses

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12
Q

Milgram’s Obedience to Authority Study (1963)

A

Obedience: following direct commands, usually from an authority figure;
Participants: 40 volunteers (20-50 years) at Yale University who became “the teacher” in a study on the effects of punishment on learning and memory
Procedure: Teacher chosen; learner is taken to another room; sample shock to teacher; paired-associate learning task and instructions for incorrect answers

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13
Q

What were the results of Milgram’s Obedience to Authority Study (1963)?

A

100% of the teachers’ administered some shock; 65% of “the teachers” obeyed he experimenter’s command to deliver 450 volts to the “learner”

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14
Q

Experimenter feedback from Milgram’s Obedience to Authority Study (1963)

A

First participant dropped out at 300 volts

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15
Q

Muzafer Sherif (1906-1988)

A

Turkish-American psychologist who studied the spread of social norms and the dynamics of intergroup conflict

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16
Q

Psychology of Social Norms (1936) (Sherif)

A

examined the ways perceptual judgements are influenced but social interactions

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17
Q

Sherif used autokinetic effect method:

A

stationary point of light appears to move; asked distance and direction

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18
Q

What did Sherif do when he went back to Turkey?

A

administered a special version of the Stanford-Binet to adolescents in urban and rural areas

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19
Q

What did the special version of the Stanford Binet test do?

A

to test the effects of exposure to modern technologies on intelligence

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20
Q

1949 Robbers Cave (OK) study (Sherif)

A

studied the processes that lead to conflict and cooperation among groups of boys attending a summer camp

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21
Q

What is phase 1 of the 1949 Robbers Cave?

A

first week of camp, groups name themselves the eagles and the rattlers, formed attachments to group members, not aware of the other group (randomly divided)

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22
Q

What is phase 2 of the 1949 Robbers Cave study?

A

group conflict with 4-5 days of competition plus 2 days of cooling off (losers get nothing)

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23
Q

phase 3 (robbers cave)

A

used conflict resolution: “continued” tasks-tasks requiring them to work together for 6-7 days

24
Q

Realistic Conflict Theory (Sherif)

A

group conflict arises from competition over resources

25
Q

social cognition (sherif)

A

typical thought patterns that people engage in as they interact with others (drives our social behavior)

26
Q

Leon Festinger (1919-1989)

A

american social psychologist who developed social comparison theory and cognitive dissonance theory

27
Q

Social Comparison Theory (Festinger)

A

the proposal that people evaluate their own opinions and abilities by comparing themselves to other people who are similar to them

28
Q

who wrote their experiences from the alien story?

A

When prophecy fails (1956) by festinger, stanley, schachter and henry riecken

29
Q

What happened in the chicago housewife story i’m 1954?

A

She said she had telepathic communication with space aliens who told her the earth would be destroyed

30
Q

Theory of cognitive dissonance (festinger)

A

the mental discomfort that occurs when a person holds contradictory beliefs or when there is a mismatch b/w attitudes and behavior
ex: “i am on a diet, although i just at cake, it’s okay i’m not on a diet anymore”

31
Q

Boring task experiment (festinger & carlsmith)

A

participants were paid $1 or $20 to complete the task, researchers wanted to see which would say the task was interesting those that were paid $1 said it was more interesting

32
Q

What did the boring task demonstrate?

A

demonstrated how to construct dramatic social situations in the laboratory to test important hypotheses about human behavior

33
Q

What needs to be changed for cognitive dissonance?

A

it’s not one thing you say, it’s your behavior that needs to be changed

34
Q

Stanley Schacter (1922-1997)

A

american social psychologist who developed the two-factor theory of emotion, festinger was his mentor

35
Q

Two-factor theory of emotion

A

the proposal that emotions consist of general physiological arousal and a cognitive evaluation based on the situation

36
Q

deviation from group standards (schacter)

A

the reward for confirming is acceptance into group

37
Q

social perceptions (schacter)

A

the ways that we make inferences about motivations and intentions

38
Q

Harold Kelley (1921-2003)

A

american social psychologist who played importance roles in developed interdependence and attribution theories

39
Q

Kelley’s classic thesis

A

how being told someone is “warm” or “cold” affected others attitudes and behavior toward that person

40
Q

Who collaborated with John Thibaut?

A

Kelley did on “the social psychology of groups (1959)

41
Q

interdependence theory (kelley)

A

is a description of how the costs and benefits of particular interactions lead to decisions about whether to cooperate or compete and whether to continue or leave the relationship

42
Q

kelley’s covariation model

A

proposal that people make attributions by considering which potential cause best predicts the behavior

43
Q

how many potential causes for behavior are there?

A

3

44
Q

what is the first potential cause for behavior?

A

the personal characteristics of the person were making an attribute about

45
Q

what is the second potential cause for behavior?

A

other people that make up the social situation

46
Q

what is the third potential cause for behavior?

A

time-modality, the characteristics of the specific situation in which the behavior was taking place

47
Q

ellen berscheld (1936- )

A

american social psychologist recognized as leader in the field of relationship science

48
Q

What does ellen berscheld do for research?

A

looking at stability in relationship, satisfaction in relationships, emotional experiences in relationships

49
Q

Who collaborated with kelley on “close relationships” 1983

A

Ellen Berscheld

50
Q

Close relationships (1983)

A

dynamics of close interpersonal relationships/ romantic love

51
Q

Lee ross (1942-2021)

A

american psychologist who discovered the fundamental attribution error

52
Q

Why did lee ross call it “error”

A

because situational factors are ignored even when they’re important for explaining the behavior and salient to the observer

53
Q

What do we tend to feel that drives behavior?

A

personal characteristics

54
Q

social relations

A

study of interactions between two or more people, groups or organization

55
Q

Robert Zajonc (1923-2008)

A

polish-american social psychologist who explained social facilitation, and discovered the mere exposure effect

56
Q

social facilitation

A

it is the effect that the presence of others has on an individuals ability to perform a task

57
Q

mere exposure effect

A

it is the observation that people tend to like familiar items more than unfamiliar ones

history of psych (12 decks)

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