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history of psych > Ch. 11 Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Ch. 11 Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the definition of psychology from the philosophers to the early 1900’s in American until the 1920’s?

A

The study of mental processes

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2
Q

Sir Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969)

A

known as the father of british psychology, argued for reconstructive nature of memory

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3
Q

Who wrote remembering: A study in experimental and social psych (1932)?

A

Sir Frederick Bartlett, it described a classic study: The War of the Ghosts

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4
Q

Reconstructive nature of memory (Bartlett)

A

introduced concept of schema

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5
Q

What did Frederic Bartlett believe about memory?

A

Believed memory was influenced by schemas, particularly when constructing/reconstructing memories

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6
Q

Donald Broadbent (1926-1993)

A

British psychologist who developed a filter model of attention

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7
Q

What was Donald Broadbents early research?

A

Focused on British Navy, the impact of noise on work performance

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8
Q

Who wrote perception and communication?

A

Donald Broadbent

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9
Q

What did the perception and communication describe by Donald Broadbent?

A

described humans as an information processing system

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10
Q

Who believed humans more complicated?

A

Donald Broadbent believed humans more complicated than simple input-output models of behaviorism

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11
Q

What did Broadbent believe about environmental stimulus?

A

said that environment stimulus elicited an organisms response

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12
Q

What is the environmental stimulus?

A

it is not the actual stimulus, but the perceived stimulus that guides behavior

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13
Q

There’s more ________ in the environment than the organism can take in any given moment?

A

stimulation

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14
Q

What happens if the stimulus is not payed attention to?

A

It fails to be processed and never reaches awareness

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15
Q

Who developed the filter model (1980)?

A

Donald Broadbent

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16
Q

Filter Model

A

description of “attention” as a bottleneck that limits the amount of information coming into the organism

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17
Q

What does the filter model use?

A

uses dichotic listening task

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18
Q

Dichotic Listening task

A

A laboratory task in which the participant hears two different streams of speech through left and right headphones and is asked to only attend to one of them

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19
Q

Anne Treisman (1935-2018)

A

British psychologist who proposed the attenuation model and then the feature of integration theory of attention

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20
Q

Attenuation Model (Treisman)

A

attention increases the intensity of wanted stimulus and decreases the intensity of the unwanted stimulus

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21
Q

Who worked with the cocktail party effect?

A

Anne Treisman

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22
Q

Feature Integration Theory of attention (Treisman)

A

a perceptual and attentional theory that explains how individual combines pieces of observable info. about an object to form a complete perception of the object

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23
Q

How many stages are in the feature integration theory?

A

two stages

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24
Q

What did Treisman find out about the unattended stream?

A

Items in unattended stream came through the filter that was supposedly blocking the unattended stream

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25
Q

The first stage of feature integration theory of attention

A

pre-attention stage in which the individual focuses on one distinguished feature of the object

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26
Q

The second stage of feature integration theory is

A

Focused/sustained attention in which an individual has to take all of the observed features and combines them to make a complete perception

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27
Q

When does the second stage process occur in the feature integration theory?

A

It occurs if the object doesn’t stand out immediately

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28
Q

New look movement (anne treisman)

A

argued for the important role that mental states play in our view of the world

29
Q

Jerome Bruner (1915-2016)

A

American developmental psychologist who was one of the founders of the cognitive revolution

30
Q

Who wrote a study in thinking:worked with jean piaget?

A

Jerome Bruner

31
Q

Leo Postman (1918-2004)

A

American cognitive psychologist who developed the interference theory of forgetting

32
Q

Who and why did someone challenge ebbinhaus?

A

Postman challenged ebbinhaus notion that forgetting was due to decay, arguing that it was due to interference of similar items in memory

33
Q

What was bruner & postman’s most noted studies ?

A

Role of expectation in perception

34
Q

Role of expectation in perception

A

using a tachistoscope, they flashed images of playing cards at increasing intervals ranging from 10 to 1,000

35
Q

What was the trick of the role of expectation in perception?

A

The trick was that half of the cards had their colors reversed

36
Q

How many times longer did it take participants to identify the incongruous cards as it did the normal ones?

A

4 times longer

37
Q

Richard Atkinson + Richard Shiffrin

A

american psychologists known as co-developers of info-processing model of memory, best known flow-chart model

38
Q

cognitive revoultion

A

is a computer metaphor, study of the mental processes in a rigorous fashion

39
Q

What did cognitive psychologists not believe?

A

they did not believe that you could explain an individual by behaviors alone

40
Q

Elizabeth Loftus (1944- )

A

american psychologist who studies the unreliability of eyewitness testimony and personal memories

41
Q

What does Loftus believe about memory?

A

memory is a constructive process; memory is not recalled but reconstructed

42
Q

What did Elizabeth Loftus study regarding reliability of eyewitness accounts?

A

looking at the speed of cars

43
Q

What did Loftus find from her speed of cars study?

A

when she used the word “smashed” the participants added more speed and said they were more likely to say they was broken glass when there was none

44
Q

Misinformation effect

A

the distortion of memory due to exposure to false or misleading info. after the event

45
Q

What did Loftus find within their false memories study?

A

She found that 1/4 of the participants stated that they remembered the false event, and many of these were able to provide additional details

46
Q

What did Loftus use for her false memory study?

A

Lost in the mall technique, when participants read four accounts of personal events from their childhood, one event was false

47
Q

Bugs bunny at disneyland (Loftus)

A

Individuals were exposed to a print advertisement, 1/3 of the people described a visit to disneyland and how they met and shook hands with bugs bunny in detail

48
Q

Noam Chomsky (1928- )

A

american linguist who helped start the cognitive revolution

49
Q

What did chomsky believe about language?

A

Believed language is innate & introduced the “language acquisition device”

50
Q

What did chomsky believe learning can be learned through?

A

could be learned through operant conditioning alone

51
Q

What did Chomsky challenge skinner for?

A

challenged skinners theory that language is learned through reinforcement and correction

52
Q

Cornerstone of cognitive psychology (chomsky)

A

his view of the mind as a sort of computer, specifically designed to rapidly and efficiently process complex linguistic structures

53
Q

George Miller (1920-2012)

A

american psychologist who led the cognitive revolution with his description of the mind as a limited-capacity info processor

54
Q

who had a secret dissertation at Harvard?

A

George Miller

55
Q

Who wrote the magical number seven plus or minus two?

A

George Miller

56
Q

what was seen as the manifesto for the cognitive revolution (1956)

A

magical number seven plus or minus two

57
Q

what did 7+ or -2 digits or chunks define?

A

defined capacity for short term memory

58
Q

What do we have a limited ability of?

A

we have a limited ability to take in and retain info. in short-term memory

59
Q

Chunk

A

a meaningful unit of information held in short-term memory

60
Q

What does chunking help with?

A

by grouping chunks into larger and larger meaningful structures, we can process lots of info. quickly despite our limited capacity

61
Q

What can increase the capacity of Short term memory?

A

chunking

62
Q

Uric Neisser (1928-2012)

A

german born american cognitive psychologist, who investigated the unreliability of flashbulb memories

63
Q

Who worked under george miller?

A

Uric Neisser

64
Q

What book gave cognitive psychology it’s name?

A

Uric Neisser wrote cognitive psychology 1967

65
Q

Who is known as the father of psychology?

A

Uric Neisser

66
Q

Flashbulb memory (Neisser)

A

a vivid and detailed recollection of events after an emotionally charged experience

67
Q

Who did the space shuttle explosion survey?

A

Uric Neisser

68
Q

Inattentional blindness (Neisser)

A

person fail to see something directly in front of them because their attention is focused else where

history of psych (12 decks)

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