Ch. 11 Cognitive Psychology Flashcards
What was the definition of psychology from the philosophers to the early 1900’s in American until the 1920’s?
The study of mental processes
Sir Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969)
known as the father of british psychology, argued for reconstructive nature of memory
Who wrote remembering: A study in experimental and social psych (1932)?
Sir Frederick Bartlett, it described a classic study: The War of the Ghosts
Reconstructive nature of memory (Bartlett)
introduced concept of schema
What did Frederic Bartlett believe about memory?
Believed memory was influenced by schemas, particularly when constructing/reconstructing memories
Donald Broadbent (1926-1993)
British psychologist who developed a filter model of attention
What was Donald Broadbents early research?
Focused on British Navy, the impact of noise on work performance
Who wrote perception and communication?
Donald Broadbent
What did the perception and communication describe by Donald Broadbent?
described humans as an information processing system
Who believed humans more complicated?
Donald Broadbent believed humans more complicated than simple input-output models of behaviorism
What did Broadbent believe about environmental stimulus?
said that environment stimulus elicited an organisms response
What is the environmental stimulus?
it is not the actual stimulus, but the perceived stimulus that guides behavior
There’s more ________ in the environment than the organism can take in any given moment?
stimulation
What happens if the stimulus is not payed attention to?
It fails to be processed and never reaches awareness
Who developed the filter model (1980)?
Donald Broadbent
Filter Model
description of “attention” as a bottleneck that limits the amount of information coming into the organism
What does the filter model use?
uses dichotic listening task
Dichotic Listening task
A laboratory task in which the participant hears two different streams of speech through left and right headphones and is asked to only attend to one of them
Anne Treisman (1935-2018)
British psychologist who proposed the attenuation model and then the feature of integration theory of attention
Attenuation Model (Treisman)
attention increases the intensity of wanted stimulus and decreases the intensity of the unwanted stimulus
Who worked with the cocktail party effect?
Anne Treisman
Feature Integration Theory of attention (Treisman)
a perceptual and attentional theory that explains how individual combines pieces of observable info. about an object to form a complete perception of the object
How many stages are in the feature integration theory?
two stages
What did Treisman find out about the unattended stream?
Items in unattended stream came through the filter that was supposedly blocking the unattended stream
The first stage of feature integration theory of attention
pre-attention stage in which the individual focuses on one distinguished feature of the object
The second stage of feature integration theory is
Focused/sustained attention in which an individual has to take all of the observed features and combines them to make a complete perception
When does the second stage process occur in the feature integration theory?
It occurs if the object doesn’t stand out immediately
New look movement (anne treisman)
argued for the important role that mental states play in our view of the world
Jerome Bruner (1915-2016)
American developmental psychologist who was one of the founders of the cognitive revolution
Who wrote a study in thinking:worked with jean piaget?
Jerome Bruner
Leo Postman (1918-2004)
American cognitive psychologist who developed the interference theory of forgetting
Who and why did someone challenge ebbinhaus?
Postman challenged ebbinhaus notion that forgetting was due to decay, arguing that it was due to interference of similar items in memory
What was bruner & postman’s most noted studies ?
Role of expectation in perception
Role of expectation in perception
using a tachistoscope, they flashed images of playing cards at increasing intervals ranging from 10 to 1,000
What was the trick of the role of expectation in perception?
The trick was that half of the cards had their colors reversed
How many times longer did it take participants to identify the incongruous cards as it did the normal ones?
4 times longer
Richard Atkinson + Richard Shiffrin
american psychologists known as co-developers of info-processing model of memory, best known flow-chart model
cognitive revoultion
is a computer metaphor, study of the mental processes in a rigorous fashion
What did cognitive psychologists not believe?
they did not believe that you could explain an individual by behaviors alone
Elizabeth Loftus (1944- )
american psychologist who studies the unreliability of eyewitness testimony and personal memories
What does Loftus believe about memory?
memory is a constructive process; memory is not recalled but reconstructed
What did Elizabeth Loftus study regarding reliability of eyewitness accounts?
looking at the speed of cars
What did Loftus find from her speed of cars study?
when she used the word “smashed” the participants added more speed and said they were more likely to say they was broken glass when there was none
Misinformation effect
the distortion of memory due to exposure to false or misleading info. after the event
What did Loftus find within their false memories study?
She found that 1/4 of the participants stated that they remembered the false event, and many of these were able to provide additional details
What did Loftus use for her false memory study?
Lost in the mall technique, when participants read four accounts of personal events from their childhood, one event was false
Bugs bunny at disneyland (Loftus)
Individuals were exposed to a print advertisement, 1/3 of the people described a visit to disneyland and how they met and shook hands with bugs bunny in detail
Noam Chomsky (1928- )
american linguist who helped start the cognitive revolution
What did chomsky believe about language?
Believed language is innate & introduced the “language acquisition device”
What did chomsky believe learning can be learned through?
could be learned through operant conditioning alone
What did Chomsky challenge skinner for?
challenged skinners theory that language is learned through reinforcement and correction
Cornerstone of cognitive psychology (chomsky)
his view of the mind as a sort of computer, specifically designed to rapidly and efficiently process complex linguistic structures
George Miller (1920-2012)
american psychologist who led the cognitive revolution with his description of the mind as a limited-capacity info processor
who had a secret dissertation at Harvard?
George Miller
Who wrote the magical number seven plus or minus two?
George Miller
what was seen as the manifesto for the cognitive revolution (1956)
magical number seven plus or minus two
what did 7+ or -2 digits or chunks define?
defined capacity for short term memory
What do we have a limited ability of?
we have a limited ability to take in and retain info. in short-term memory
Chunk
a meaningful unit of information held in short-term memory
What does chunking help with?
by grouping chunks into larger and larger meaningful structures, we can process lots of info. quickly despite our limited capacity
What can increase the capacity of Short term memory?
chunking
Uric Neisser (1928-2012)
german born american cognitive psychologist, who investigated the unreliability of flashbulb memories
Who worked under george miller?
Uric Neisser
What book gave cognitive psychology it’s name?
Uric Neisser wrote cognitive psychology 1967
Who is known as the father of psychology?
Uric Neisser
Flashbulb memory (Neisser)
a vivid and detailed recollection of events after an emotionally charged experience
Who did the space shuttle explosion survey?
Uric Neisser
Inattentional blindness (Neisser)
person fail to see something directly in front of them because their attention is focused else where
