ch. 5-6 Flashcards
The behavioral revolution
behaviorists redefined psychology by the 1920’s
Who led the behavioral revolution?
John Watson
Positivism
scientists can only know what they can directly observe
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What did thorndike study?
problem solving ability of animals to escape the puzzle box & law of effect
Law of effect
the probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when it is followed by a pleasant consequence
ex: kid receives a gold star for raising hand, tends to raise hand more so they can receive a gold star
Instrumental learning (Thorndike)
where in a organism learns to make a response that is useful in producing reinforcement
Methodological behaviorism (Watson)
insisted that observational behavior be psychological subject matter
What did watson believe about psychology’s goal?
Believed psychology’s goal should be the prediction and control of behavior
John B. Watson (1878-1958)
founder of behaviorist movement
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Who was a editor of psychological review?
Watson was along with the APA president
What did watson believe?
Watson believed introspection was a bad technique. Believed in psychology and black box
What did watson do at U of chicago?
he taught animal and human psychology
What was his research at U of Chicago?
It involves rats (the kerplunk study) and birds (terns) to look at migratory patterns
What did Watson teach at John Hopkins?
human physiology, studied motor reflexes in infants
What did watson want to do with the 3 innate emotions?
to use fear, love, rage and condition it to a neutral stimulus
What was pavlov’s classical conditioning technique?
pairing a neutral stimulus with a unconditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned emotional reaction
What did little albert study condition?
it conditioned fear
What is a conditioned emotional response?
a process in which a person develops a reaction to a previously neutral stimulus
Classical conditioned steps by watson & rayner
step 1: ucs-loud noise struck a steel bar with a hammer, produces UCR: fear
step 2: NS- white rat
step 3: Joint stimulation/conditioning trial- NS+UCS=UCR
step 4: CS- white rat produces CER=fear
What were the generalizations of the classical conditioning?
fearful of all white animals
What happened at John Hopkins to Watson?
He was asked to resign after being with a student and that was the end of his academic career
What did watson do after he left John Hopkins?
He went into advertising using classical conditioning
Classical conditioning + Advertising
“neutral” product (NS) is paired with a celebrity, cute pet, up-beat music (UCS) which produces positive emotions (UCR) in most people, after viewing it many time the product (CS) itself produces positive emotions (CER)
What did Watson do as a child psychologist?
wrote the psychological care of infant and child
What was watsons influence on marketing?
felt marketing depending on appealing to emotions and stimulating desire for the product
What are the three steps for advertisements?
- evoked response, 2. showed how to use the product, 3. had direct testimonials
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Mary Cover Jones (1896-1987)
attending vassar and got PhD at columbia
What was Mary Cover Jones considered?
considered the mother of behavioral therapy because of her work on unconditioning the fear reaction in infants
superstitious behavior
an increase in the strength of a behavior that is due to “coincidental reinforcement”
Who is the popular psychologist
Skinner
Who developed the baby tender/air crib?
Skinner did for his daughter Deborah
Neal Miller (1909-2002)
conducted ground breaking work in biofeed
Who came up with frustration-aggression hypothesis?
Miller (people turn to aggression when they are frustrated in reaching their goals)
Gestalt psychology
it looks at the human mind and behavior as a whole
Who was the most important rival to wundt’s school in Europe?
Gestalt Psychology
Franz Brentano (1838-1917)
former catholic priest, at the university of vienna, he was freuds professor
Who developed act psychology?
Franz Brentano
Act Psychology
felt that mental phenomena are active processes
Carl Stumpf (1848-1936)
at university of berlin and director of institute of experimental psychology
Who trained the first of gestalt psychologists?
Carl Stumpf
What did Stumpf focus on?
focused on music perception and is the founder of ethnomusicology
Who played a role in the investigation of clever hans phenomena?
Carl Stumpf (Hans, a horse, supposedly performed math tasks)
Max Wertheimer (1880-1943)
founder of gestalt psychology
Who created phi phenomenon?
Max Wertheimer, the apparent notion of stationary but rapidly changing objects
What are the gestalt principles of perception?
figure ground organization, reversible figures
figure ground organization
the most fundamental principle; the distinction between foreground (figure) and background
reversible figures
when the figure and ground are reversible
What are the principles of perceptual organization?
similarity, proximity and closure
similarity
things that have similar characteristics
proximity
see things close together as a unit
closure
two figures that aren’t completed they have gaps
Wolfgang Köhler (1887-1967)
proposed a new gestalt theory in 1913, published one of the first papers with the new theory
Who was accused of being a spy?
Wolfgang Köhler
What did Wolfgang Köhler study?
studied intelligence and problem-solving in primates, they had insightful problem solving
Kurt Koffka (1886-1941)
introduced gestalt theory to english speaking psychologists
What does Koffka believe?
children are born with gestalt principles
Who published “The Growth of the Mind”?
Kurt Koffka
What was seen as the most systematic presentation of gestalt theory?
when Koffka published “principles of gestalt psychology”
Kurt Lewin (1890-1947)
german-american gestalt psychologist considered a founder of experimental social psych
What was Kurt Lewin goal with action research?
Goal was to discover ways to use that research to change situations and to make individuals, groups and societies better
What was Kurt Lewin a member of?
SPSSI, Society for the psychological study of social issues (1936)
