ch. 1-2 Flashcards
Continental Rationalism
believed knowledge could be obtained through reason (descartes)
Rene Descartes
Lived during early 1600’s, interested in how mind and body work
who found classical conditioning 200 years before pavlov?
Rene descartes
who applies scientific knowledge to everyday concerns
rene descartes
who wrote treatise of man
rene descartes
cartesian dualism
mind and body are seperate but can interact
meditations on first philosophy
described the relationship between body and soul
method of doubt
to question everything that can not be verified
penal gland (descartes)
traced optic nerve in animals to find penal gland
penal gland
is where body and mind interact with each other
descartes reflex arc 1633
no conscious thought required, automatic and mechanical
who viewed humans and animals as biological machines consisting of matter and motion
thomas hobbes (1588-1679)
who aruged the mind is nothing more than the product of a mechanical brain
thomas hobbes
Materialism (hobbes)
there is only matter; nothing more is needed to explain the mind
What is a dead body to hobbes
a dead body is a broken machine put into motion
what is a live body to hobbes
a live body is a machine with parts
where did hobbes get the matter and motion idea from
galei
empiricism
believed knowledge can only be obtained through experience (francis bacon)
Who is the father of british empiricism?
Francis bacon
method of induction (francis bacon)
examine specific cases to discover general rules
ex: in the summer there are ducks in a pond therefore there will be ducks in our pond in summer
doctrine of the idols
Francis bacons paper
addressing all the errors, illusions , corruptions
who introduced the term tabula rasa (clean slate) 1690
John Locke
who said that knowledge develops first by sensory experience then reflection
John Locke
Associationism
knowledge develops as simple ideas combining to form complex ideas
What are the two types of senses present (Locke)
Outer senses (sensations) Inner senses (reflections)
Who came up with new theory of vision?
George Berkeley
New theory of vision
Properties of an object can only be known through the sense of touch
When do objects in the world exist according to Berkeley?
They exist only if they are percieved
What did berkely develop?
developed theory of depth perception, the closer an object gets the bigger is gets
phrenology
different parts of the brain responsible for intellectual, emotional, and behavioral functions
What did they do with phrenology?
assesed lumps and indentations on the skull
What did clients provide for phrenology?
clients provided a plan to cultivate and restrain
who franchised clinics for phrenology?
fowler brothers
Physiognomy
examined features of the face to asses personality, abilities, intelligence
Lombroso
used in criminology, criminals identified by facial features
Mesmerism
relieve symptoms by passing magnets over the body
What happens when the magnets were misaligned in mesmerism
when misaligned physical and mental illness resulted
what was seen as the beginning of psychotherapy in U.S
Mesmerism in 1830’s
Spirtualism
mediums help seances in private homes to communicate with the dead
when was second half of spiritualism developed?
1800’s in U.S, clients were middle and upper class
who was one prominent individual of spritualism
Lenora Piper (white crow) she was a medium who had a relationship with william james
Mental healing (mind cure)
Diseases could be cured by the person themselves, people had mental powers
What did negative thoughts lead to in mental healing
they led to psychological issues
polymat
a scholar who makes important contributions
Hermann Von Helmholtz (German scientist)
conceptualized the relationship between sensation and perception
who came up with speed of nerve conduction
Helmholtz
Trichromatic theory
three types of cones in the retina that are differentially sensitive to red, green and blue light
Helmholtz pitch perception/place theory
frequency analysis is carried out in the inner ear creating a neural spectrum that is then transmitted to the brain
states our perception of sound depends on where each component frequency produces vibrations
who conducted research that resolved the helmholtz hearing debate
Christian Ladd-Franklin
Hermann Ebbinghaus
Published on memory in 1885 and invented nonsense syllable (cvc)
Psychophysics
Study of relationships betwen physical stimuli and the sensations associated with them
who came up with just noticeable difference?
ernest weber
Webers two-point threshold
a measure of tactile acuity defined as the smallest seperation at which two points applied simultaneously to the skin can be distinguished from a single point
Just Noticeable Difference
amount of a stimulus that has to be increased or decreased before a change in the stimulus can be detected
Gustav Fetchner
founder of psychophysics
Panpsychism
belief that all things in the universe have consciousness
Webers law
The just-noticeable difference is always proportion of the original stimulus (k)
Fetchners law
proposal that the intensity of the mental sensation (s) is related by a logarithmic function (log) to the actual intensity of the stimulus (R)
s=Klogr
Fetchners Book
elements of psychophysics
Elements of psychophysics
included distinction between “outer psychophysics” and “inner psychophysics”
Francis Galton
coined the term “nature and nurture”
Who studied twins and came up with devised twin and adoption method
Francis Galton
who created the scatterplot
francis galton
What is a scatterplot
best fitting regression line
who founded anthropometric laboratory
Francis Galton
who developed data gathering and analysis methods
Francis Galton
Charles Darwin
Proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection
Who completed the voyage of the HSM beagle 1831-1836
Charles Darwin
Who studied plants and observed animal life
Charles Darwin
Who wrote the origin of species (1859)
Charles Darwin
Natural Selection
the mechanism by which this evolution takes place in
Where do diverse groups of animals evolve from?
one or a few common ancestors
Components of natural selection
Variability, competition, heritability
Variability
Individual members of a species vary widely in characteristics
Competition
constant competition for resources
Heritability
those individuals who survive to reproduce will pass their advantageous features to next generation
Theory of creationsim
animals are in present form
Who Developed Theory of lamackism
Darwin developed
