ch. 13 developmental psych Flashcards
John Bowlby (1907-1990)
british psychologist who studied the impact of mother-child separation and proposed attachment theory
1944 published forty-four juvenile thieves (Bowlby)
case studies of youth [thieves and non-thieves] at the London child guidance clinic
Maternal deprivation hypothesis
prolonged separation from the mother in early childhood leads to pathological personality development in adolescence
Who started the study of the effect of maternal deprivation?
1948 with james robertson and john bowlby
What did the effect of maternal deprivation study consist of?
involved children who’d spent long periods in hospital during the first 4 years of their lives at that time parental visitation was limited
What was a 2-prong procedural approach?
study of the effect of maternal deprivation
What did the study by bowlby and robertson find?
found that these children went through 3 stages after being separated from their mothers
2nd stage of maternal deprivation
children who were separated for over a week from mothers, once saw again, babies showed no affection
1st stage of maternal deprivation
agitated when they were left in hospitals without mom
3rd stage of maternal deprivation
once they went home, started a relationship with mom but never regained trust or some never regained relationship
What film came from maternal deprivation?
A two year old goes to the hospital, this led to reforms in hospital practices
Who did bowlby hire for data anylsis?
Mary Ainsworth
What did bowlby publish after partnering with ainsworth
Attachment theory (3-volume serious 1969)
Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999)
canadian-american psychologist who developed the strange situation
Strange situation
a laboratory procedure for testing attachment style in which the mother briefly leaves her child alone in a unfamiliar room
What did Ainsworth do in Uganda?
Went in 1953, to observe information of mother-infant bonds and what happens when it is disrupted
Why do different attachment styles develop due to differences in maternal sensitivity ?
depending on how attentive and responsive a mother is to her infants needs
Mary Main (1943- )
american developmental psychologist who has constructed methods for assessing attachment styles during the early school years, adolescence and in adulthood
Who developed the adult attachment interview ?
mary main
Who discovered the fourth attachment styles of ainsworth disorganized attachment?
Mary main
Diana Baumkind (1927-2018)
american psychologist and pioneer in research in parenting styles
Who was the first to do a longitudinal study of both mothers and fathers ?
Diana Baumkind
What did the longitudinal study by Baumkind include?
children were preschoolers, followed 100 families through school age to late adolescence
Who developed three types of patenting styles?
Baumkind (Authoritative, authoritarian & permissive)
Authoritative
supporting and responsive parents who also set firm limits to there children
Authoritarian
strict parenting, high expectations for children
Permissive
they look at their child as an equal
Who wrote effect of authoritative parental control on child behavior (1966)?
Diana Baumkind
Albert Bandura (1925-2021)
canadian-american psychologist best known for his bobo doll experiments
What did Bandura do in bobo doll?
exploring aggression in young children
What did bandura believe social learning as?
believe social learning as a process of modeling in the 1960’s
social cognitive theory (bandura)
people construct their own lives by choosing for themselves which models to emulate, which to reject
4 factors needed for social cognitive theory (bandura)
attention, remembering, reproducing the action & motivation
Who was the leader of observational learning?
Bandura
Self-efficacy
a set of beliefs about one’s ability to cope with particular challenges
High levels of self efficacy
= example when taking psyc360 and you put in the hard work (goes to SI, study groups etc) → means you have high levels of self efficacy
Insecure attachment
low levels of self efficacy
Secure attachment
high levels of self efficacy
Eleanor Gibson (1910-2002)
American developmental psychologist, who used the visual cliff procedure to test the depth perception in infants
Visual Cliff (Gibson)
Infants avoid the visual cliff (an apparatus consisting of a glass surface) from the time they are able to crawl, The babies won’t cross the glass surface because it seen as unsafe
What happened to the (1960) published article “The Visual Cliff” in Scientific American?
Life magazine ran a feature on it, One of the few scientific articles to ever be published in Life magazine
Kenneth Clark (1914-2005) & Mamie Phipps Clark (1917-1983)
African American psychologists who met at Howard University
How did Mamie grow up?
Mamie grew up privileged (father a doctor, mother a stay-at-home-mom) → this was very unusual for African American households during that time
How did Kenneth grow up?
had a very impoverished and rough upbringing (mom knew he was very intelligent → therefore she didn’t want him to attend the local HS → went to the school board and begged them to transfer him to a better highschool = could go to Howard U afterwards)
Who founded the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem and the organization Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited
Mamie & Kenneth
What study did Kenneth and Mamie do together that went to the Supreme Court?
They conducted the doll studies that were cited in the Supreme Court decision that declared segregation unconstitutional
What was starting point for the doll studies for Mamie?
Mamie’s Master Thesis
dolls studies (clarks)
which were to study the psychological effects of segregation on African-American children
How did the Clark’s conduct the doll study?
used white and brown dolls to explore Black children’s self-esteem and self-awareness of racial identification and attitudes with children from segregated (South) and racially-mixed schools (North) Children: 3-7
What did the children believe the doll study was?
The children who participated thought this was a game: brought into the room, 4 dolls with different skin colors (two dark, two light) but other than that the dolls were identical
What did researchers ask children in the doll study?
asks the children “give me the nice doll” “give me a doll with the nice color” “give me the doll that you want to play with the most” “give me a doll that looks like a colored child” “give me a doll that looks like a white child” “give me a doll that you want to play with” “give me the doll that is the n-word”
Findings of the doll study?
black children from segregated schools had lower self-esteem and accepted their inferior status as a norm. these results argued against segregation in court
Alexander Thomas (1914-2003) & Stella Chess (1914-2007)
American child psychiatrist who developed 3 temperament styles
temperament
behavioral profile that is present in the infant at birth
The New York Longitudinal Study (began 1956-1977)
followed 133 children from infancy through adulthood to study temperament, included Parent report & naturalistic observation
Found 9 factors (characteristics) that are involved in temperament development (NY study)
Activity Levels, Reguraility, Approach/Withdrawal, Adaptability, Intensity of Reaction, Threshold of responsiveness, Quality Of mood, Distractibility, Attention span
What did they conclude from the NY study?
Concluded that most of their subjects fell into three broad categories of temperament: Easy, Difficult, & Slow-to-warm-up
Activity Levels
some babies move around a lot in their crib,
while others stay in the same spot
Reguraility
some eat, sleep and poop on schedule, while others don’t
Approach/Withdrawal
some infants will approach new
situations/toys/people and enjoy it, while others will avoid
Adaptability
some adapt very easily, some not (takes a while)
Intensity of Reaction
some laugh super loud/cry so that the
entire building heard, while others just smile/just weeps
Threshold of responsiveness
some can hear, smell and see
everything and react to it most often wit distress, while others
can sleep through a hurricane
Quality Of mood
some wake up every morning super happy,
others are irritable
Attention span
some babies play happily with one toy for a
long time, while others get tired of a toy after a minute
Jerome Kagan (1929-2021)
American developmental psychologist who argued for the role of temperament in the formation of attachment styles
Who wrote 1962 book Birth to Maturity
Kagan wrote it, 20 years of data went into this study
Who did Kagan question?
He questioned some of the assumptions of the attachment theories suggested by Bowlby and Ainsworth
What did Kagan argue?
He argued that innate characteristics of the infant (temperament) also play role in the formation of attachment combined with maternal sensitivity
(environmental factor)
Martha Bernal (1931-2001)
The first Hispanic-American woman to earn a PhD in psychology; clinical psychologist
What were Bernal’s 2 goals?
To fight racism in her field (clinical psychology, academica, research), To find effective treatments for behavior of children of color
Who did Bernal advocate for?
advocated for multicultural psychology programs that recognized diversity in training, research, & recruitment
and for the need for clinical psychologists with training in minority mental health issues (effective treatments/interventions)
Who raised awareness of racism in academia
Bernal
Who helped establish National Hispanic Psychological Association
Bernal
behavioral interventions (bernal)
these focused on the needs of
children from ethnic minorities
Bernal developed methodology for
measuring ethnic identity and
studied the developmental course of ethnic identity in Mexican American children
Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005)
Russian-born American psychologist who developed the Ecological Theory of Development
Who was the Co-founder of the Head Start program (1965)
Urie Bronfenbrenner
