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history of psych > ch. 13 developmental psych > Flashcards

ch. 13 developmental psych Flashcards

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1
Q

John Bowlby (1907-1990)

A

british psychologist who studied the impact of mother-child separation and proposed attachment theory

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2
Q

1944 published forty-four juvenile thieves (Bowlby)

A

case studies of youth [thieves and non-thieves] at the London child guidance clinic

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3
Q

Maternal deprivation hypothesis

A

prolonged separation from the mother in early childhood leads to pathological personality development in adolescence

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4
Q

Who started the study of the effect of maternal deprivation?

A

1948 with james robertson and john bowlby

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5
Q

What did the effect of maternal deprivation study consist of?

A

involved children who’d spent long periods in hospital during the first 4 years of their lives at that time parental visitation was limited

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6
Q

What was a 2-prong procedural approach?

A

study of the effect of maternal deprivation

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7
Q

What did the study by bowlby and robertson find?

A

found that these children went through 3 stages after being separated from their mothers

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8
Q

2nd stage of maternal deprivation

A

children who were separated for over a week from mothers, once saw again, babies showed no affection

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9
Q

1st stage of maternal deprivation

A

agitated when they were left in hospitals without mom

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10
Q

3rd stage of maternal deprivation

A

once they went home, started a relationship with mom but never regained trust or some never regained relationship

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11
Q

What film came from maternal deprivation?

A

A two year old goes to the hospital, this led to reforms in hospital practices

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12
Q

Who did bowlby hire for data anylsis?

A

Mary Ainsworth

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13
Q

What did bowlby publish after partnering with ainsworth

A

Attachment theory (3-volume serious 1969)

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14
Q

Mary Ainsworth (1913-1999)

A

canadian-american psychologist who developed the strange situation

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15
Q

Strange situation

A

a laboratory procedure for testing attachment style in which the mother briefly leaves her child alone in a unfamiliar room

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16
Q

What did Ainsworth do in Uganda?

A

Went in 1953, to observe information of mother-infant bonds and what happens when it is disrupted

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17
Q

Why do different attachment styles develop due to differences in maternal sensitivity ?

A

depending on how attentive and responsive a mother is to her infants needs

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18
Q

Mary Main (1943- )

A

american developmental psychologist who has constructed methods for assessing attachment styles during the early school years, adolescence and in adulthood

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19
Q

Who developed the adult attachment interview ?

A

mary main

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20
Q

Who discovered the fourth attachment styles of ainsworth disorganized attachment?

A

Mary main

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21
Q

Diana Baumkind (1927-2018)

A

american psychologist and pioneer in research in parenting styles

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22
Q

Who was the first to do a longitudinal study of both mothers and fathers ?

A

Diana Baumkind

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23
Q

What did the longitudinal study by Baumkind include?

A

children were preschoolers, followed 100 families through school age to late adolescence

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24
Q

Who developed three types of patenting styles?

A

Baumkind (Authoritative, authoritarian & permissive)

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25
Q

Authoritative

A

supporting and responsive parents who also set firm limits to there children

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26
Q

Authoritarian

A

strict parenting, high expectations for children

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27
Q

Permissive

A

they look at their child as an equal

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28
Q

Who wrote effect of authoritative parental control on child behavior (1966)?

A

Diana Baumkind

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29
Q

Albert Bandura (1925-2021)

A

canadian-american psychologist best known for his bobo doll experiments

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30
Q

What did Bandura do in bobo doll?

A

exploring aggression in young children

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31
Q

What did bandura believe social learning as?

A

believe social learning as a process of modeling in the 1960’s

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32
Q

social cognitive theory (bandura)

A

people construct their own lives by choosing for themselves which models to emulate, which to reject

33
Q

4 factors needed for social cognitive theory (bandura)

A

attention, remembering, reproducing the action & motivation

34
Q

Who was the leader of observational learning?

A

Bandura

35
Q

Self-efficacy

A

a set of beliefs about one’s ability to cope with particular challenges

36
Q

High levels of self efficacy

A

= example when taking psyc360 and you put in the hard work (goes to SI, study groups etc) → means you have high levels of self efficacy

37
Q

Insecure attachment

A

low levels of self efficacy

38
Q

Secure attachment

A

high levels of self efficacy

39
Q

Eleanor Gibson (1910-2002)

A

American developmental psychologist, who used the visual cliff procedure to test the depth perception in infants

40
Q

Visual Cliff (Gibson)

A

Infants avoid the visual cliff (an apparatus consisting of a glass surface) from the time they are able to crawl, The babies won’t cross the glass surface because it seen as unsafe

41
Q

What happened to the (1960) published article “The Visual Cliff” in Scientific American?

A

Life magazine ran a feature on it, One of the few scientific articles to ever be published in Life magazine

42
Q

Kenneth Clark (1914-2005) & Mamie Phipps Clark (1917-1983)

A

African American psychologists who met at Howard University

43
Q

How did Mamie grow up?

A

Mamie grew up privileged (father a doctor, mother a stay-at-home-mom) → this was very unusual for African American households during that time

44
Q

How did Kenneth grow up?

A

had a very impoverished and rough upbringing (mom knew he was very intelligent → therefore she didn’t want him to attend the local HS → went to the school board and begged them to transfer him to a better highschool = could go to Howard U afterwards)

45
Q

Who founded the Northside Center for Child Development in Harlem and the organization Harlem Youth Opportunities Unlimited

A

Mamie & Kenneth

46
Q

What study did Kenneth and Mamie do together that went to the Supreme Court?

A

They conducted the doll studies that were cited in the Supreme Court decision that declared segregation unconstitutional

47
Q

What was starting point for the doll studies for Mamie?

A

Mamie’s Master Thesis

48
Q

dolls studies (clarks)

A

which were to study the psychological effects of segregation on African-American children

49
Q

How did the Clark’s conduct the doll study?

A

used white and brown dolls to explore Black children’s self-esteem and self-awareness of racial identification and attitudes with children from segregated (South) and racially-mixed schools (North) Children: 3-7

50
Q

What did the children believe the doll study was?

A

The children who participated thought this was a game: brought into the room, 4 dolls with different skin colors (two dark, two light) but other than that the dolls were identical

51
Q

What did researchers ask children in the doll study?

A

asks the children “give me the nice doll” “give me a doll with the nice color” “give me the doll that you want to play with the most” “give me a doll that looks like a colored child” “give me a doll that looks like a white child” “give me a doll that you want to play with” “give me the doll that is the n-word”

52
Q

Findings of the doll study?

A

black children from segregated schools had lower self-esteem and accepted their inferior status as a norm. these results argued against segregation in court

53
Q

Alexander Thomas (1914-2003) & Stella Chess (1914-2007)

A

American child psychiatrist who developed 3 temperament styles

54
Q

temperament

A

behavioral profile that is present in the infant at birth

55
Q

The New York Longitudinal Study (began 1956-1977)

A

followed 133 children from infancy through adulthood to study temperament, included Parent report & naturalistic observation

56
Q

Found 9 factors (characteristics) that are involved in temperament development (NY study)

A

Activity Levels, Reguraility, Approach/Withdrawal, Adaptability, Intensity of Reaction, Threshold of responsiveness, Quality Of mood, Distractibility, Attention span

57
Q

What did they conclude from the NY study?

A

Concluded that most of their subjects fell into three broad categories of temperament: Easy, Difficult, & Slow-to-warm-up

58
Q

Activity Levels

A

some babies move around a lot in their crib,

while others stay in the same spot

59
Q

Reguraility

A

some eat, sleep and poop on schedule, while others don’t

60
Q

Approach/Withdrawal

A

some infants will approach new

situations/toys/people and enjoy it, while others will avoid

61
Q

Adaptability

A

some adapt very easily, some not (takes a while)

62
Q

Intensity of Reaction

A

some laugh super loud/cry so that the

entire building heard, while others just smile/just weeps

63
Q

Threshold of responsiveness

A

some can hear, smell and see
everything and react to it most often wit distress, while others
can sleep through a hurricane

64
Q

Quality Of mood

A

some wake up every morning super happy,

others are irritable

65
Q

Attention span

A

some babies play happily with one toy for a

long time, while others get tired of a toy after a minute

66
Q

Jerome Kagan (1929-2021)

A

American developmental psychologist who argued for the role of temperament in the formation of attachment styles

67
Q

Who wrote 1962 book Birth to Maturity

A

Kagan wrote it, 20 years of data went into this study

68
Q

Who did Kagan question?

A

He questioned some of the assumptions of the attachment theories suggested by Bowlby and Ainsworth

69
Q

What did Kagan argue?

A

He argued that innate characteristics of the infant (temperament) also play role in the formation of attachment combined with maternal sensitivity
(environmental factor)

70
Q

Martha Bernal (1931-2001)

A

The first Hispanic-American woman to earn a PhD in psychology; clinical psychologist

71
Q

What were Bernal’s 2 goals?

A

To fight racism in her field (clinical psychology, academica, research), To find effective treatments for behavior of children of color

72
Q

Who did Bernal advocate for?

A

advocated for multicultural psychology programs that recognized diversity in training, research, & recruitment
and for the need for clinical psychologists with training in minority mental health issues (effective treatments/interventions)

73
Q

Who raised awareness of racism in academia

A

Bernal

74
Q

Who helped establish National Hispanic Psychological Association

A

Bernal

75
Q

behavioral interventions (bernal)

A

these focused on the needs of

children from ethnic minorities

76
Q

Bernal developed methodology for

A

measuring ethnic identity and

studied the developmental course of ethnic identity in Mexican American children

77
Q

Urie Bronfenbrenner (1917-2005)

A

Russian-born American psychologist who developed the Ecological Theory of Development

78
Q

Who was the Co-founder of the Head Start program (1965)

A

Urie Bronfenbrenner

history of psych (12 decks)

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