Ch 9 (ottor, exam review + slides) Flashcards by Willoughby Naranbaatar

Pathogen

gets us sick

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Reservoir

Where the pathogen is resting and duplicating

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Portal of exit

how someone would spread the thing

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means of transmission

how does it get passed on?

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Portal of entry

how does it infect the new person - bacterial, blood, airbone

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New host

the person onto which the pathogen is now passed on to

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Pathogen

Ways to Break the Chain

Pasteurization
of milk

Chlorination of
drinking water

Disinfectants

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Reservoir

Ways to Break the Chain

Medical treatment
and testing

Insect and rodent
eradication

Quarantine

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Portal of exit

Ways to Break the Chain

Condoms
*Masks
*Covering mouth
while coughing

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Means of
transmission

Ways to Break the Chain

Handwashing
*Avoiding infected
individuals
*Sexual abstinence
or safer sex
*Sanitary practices

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Portal of entry

Ways to Break the Chain

Condoms
*Masks
*Insect repellant

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New host

Ways to Break the Chain

Immunization
*Health promotion
*Medical treatment

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Skin

largest organ of the body

First line of defence

if there is a break in the skin, it breaks the first line of defence and bacteria and pathogens can get in

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Iymphatic system

once the pathogen is in the system, we use the Iymphatic system to destroy it.

similar to our blood vessel system.

t’s just a system that goes to our body and it helps transfer things around.

(ex.) When you’re sick, you’ll get those like swollen lymph nodes and that’s the inflammation in your lymphatic system.

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T cells and B cells

are the main disease killers

white blood cells to go and kill the invading pathogen

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mucous linings

ex. nose

You have all the hairs in your nose which are to stop pathogens from entering and hopefully catching them and then you would blow them out or sneeze them out to get rid of them.

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Acquired immunity

where you’ve gotten sick, you built up the antibodies that killed it the first time and now that you have these antibodies, you typically keep them for either forever or a certain duration of time, so that if you ever received this certain illness, your body is going to be better at fighting it and the T cells and the B cells are going to be more effective at finding the pathogen and killing it.

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vaccines

injecting like a dead version of the virus so that your immune system goes kills it and then it has the antibodies now and then those antibodies if you actually ever get it for real are already in your system without you ever having to get sick.

So you don’t have to be sick to acquire those antibodies

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alergic response

mast cells get activated, you start dumping out a whole bunch of histamine

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histamine

causes all the symptoms of your allergic response.

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anaphylaxis

happens when the body keeps trying to attack (allergy) and becomes life threatening

Epipen is a epinephrine or adrenaline and you use it to deal with anaphylaxis.

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Variety of illness

Bacteria

Bacteria
1. pneumonia
2. meningitis
3. strep throat
4. Strep infection
5. Tick infection
6. Ulcers

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Variety of illness - Virus

Virus:
1. common cold (200 variaitons)
2. Flu (influenza)
3. measles
4. mumps,
5. rubella,
6. HPV,
7. HIV,
8. hepatitis
9. Herpes
10. Rabies
11. Polio

antibiotics

can be the treatment for bacterial, but not for virus

are not as effective now due to drug resistance (over consumption of antibiotics)

Physical Barriers

Skin mucous membranes cilia lining in the respiratory tract.

The Lymphatic System

The lymphatic system consists of a network of vessels and organs, including the spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, and tonsils.

2 main lymphocytes are

T cells & B cells

The immune system is remarkable because it can distinguish foreign cells from the body's cells.

Inflammatory response is the body's first reaction to infection or injury.

Mast cells in the area of invasion or injury released histamine. White blood cells are drawn to area and tackle invaders.

Two types of responses are:

natural and acquired response

natural response

when your body just instantly knows to react to this thing.

Acquired or adaptive response

when you've seen something before. So your body knows that to attack it. t's like when you get something for the first time. It usually hits you the hardest because your body's not used to it. It took a little bit longer for your body to realize it needs to destroy this thing. Once you've had it a couple times or even once you get an adaptive response or an acquired response and you attack it faster.

incubation period

you have no symptoms but you are contagious.

Immunity

when you've had something once your body builds the antibodies and now you're immune or or at least have an adaptive ability to attack it

immunization

helps the body get the acquired immunity a lot quicker

pneumonia

inflammation and fluid in the lungs.

meningitis

infection of the membrane covering the brain and the spinal cord

strep throat

which is a little bit more common. - sore throat

staphylococcal or staph infection

typically present in hospital settings and it's actually very dangerous because it actually ends up killing a lot of people when they're older, but it spreads rapidly.

Viruses

are the most common forms of contagious diseases.

antiviral drugs

to treat viruses it's trying to disrupt this virus and break it down and make it easier for your body to get rid of However, unfortunately, a lot of them don't work as well as antibiotics do.

HIV and AIDS & Herpes

no cure for it - once you have it, they are with you your whole life However, with drugs and medication, you can limit it to as small as possible so it doesn't affect you as much and that you aren't contagious, but you can't get rid of it

most viral diseases

are left to simply run their course

fungi

organisms that absorb food from organic matter typically not as threatening Anti fungal drug to kill it

Factors Contributing to Emerging Infections

Drug resistance Poverty Breakdown of public health measures Travel and commerce Mass food production and distribution Human behaviours Bioterrorism Climate change

Epidemiology

is the study of diseases and population. use statistics and look at outbreaks, epidemics and pandemics

outbreak

When there's more cases in a certain area.

epidemic

is a greater number of cases affecting a larger population

pandemic

global

Methods of COVID-19 Transmission

1. Aerosol 2. Droplet 3. Fomite Respitary track

Step by step process of Chain of infection is:

1. Pathogen 2. its reservoir 3. a portal of exit 4. a means of transmission 5. a portal of entry 6. new host

Immune response has four stages:

1. Recognition 2. Rapid replication of T and B cells 3. Attack by killer T cells 4. Suppression of the immune response

Immunity

is based on the body's ability to remember previous encountered organisms

Viruses

cannot grow or reproduce themselves – require a host to survive and mutate

You can prevent infections by:

1. Nutrition and rest 2. A moderate lifestyle 3. Protection from excessive distress 4. Vaccinations