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[BIO 115] Anatomy & Physiology > Ch. 9 Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

Major aspects of nervous system:

A
  • Sensory input
  • Integration and processing (decision-making)
  • Motor output (response)
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2
Q

Functions of the nervous system:

A
  • Thinking
  • Movement
  • Internal processes of physiology
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3
Q

Main cell types in the nervous system:

A
  • Neurons: (Functional unit) Cells that communicate, via electrical impulses, with other neurons or other tissues
  • Neuroglia: (Supportive tissue) Cells that support, nourish, protect, and insulate neurons
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4
Q

Neurons:

A

(Functional unit) Cells that communicate, via electrical impulses, with other neurons or other tissues

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5
Q

Neuroglia:

A

(Supportive tissue) Cells that support, nourish, protect, and insulate neurons

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6
Q

Neurotransmitters:

A

The chemical messengers in a synapse, that convey an electrical impulse from a neuron to another cell
- [Synapse: The space between two neurons]

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7
Q

General functions of the nervous system:

A
  • Sensory
  • Integrative
  • Motor
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8
Q

Organs of the nervous system can be divided into 2 groups:

A
  • Central nervous system (CNS):
    - Made up of the brain and spinal cord
    - Responsible for integration of information and decision-making
  • Peripheral nervous system (PNS):
    - Made up of cranial and spinal nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
    - Contains sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) divisions.
    • Motor functions:
      - Somatic nervous system: controls voluntary skeletal muscles
      - Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary effectors (smooth and cardiac muscles and glands)
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9
Q

Central nervous system (CNS):

A
  • Made up of the brain and spinal cord
  • Responsible for integration of information and decision-making
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10
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS):

A
  • Made up of cranial and spinal nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
  • Contains sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) divisions.
    • Motor functions:
      - Somatic nervous system: controls voluntary skeletal muscles
      - Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary effectors (smooth and cardiac muscles and glands)
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11
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS): Motor functions:

A
  • Somatic nervous system: controls voluntary skeletal muscles
  • Autonomic nervous system: controls involuntary effectors (smooth and cardiac muscles and glands)
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12
Q

Somatic nervous system: (PNS)

A

Controls voluntary skeletal muscles

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13
Q

Autonomic nervous system: (PNS)

A

Controls involuntary effectors (smooth and cardiac muscles and glands)

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14
Q

Neuron (Nerve Cell) Structure:

A
  • A neuron contains a cell body, tubular cytoplasm-filled dendrites, and a tubular, cytoplasm-filled axon.
    - The cell body (soma) contains mitochondria, lysosomes, a Golgi apparatus, chromatophilic substance (Nissl bodies – similar to rough ER), neurofilaments, and a large nucleus with a nucleolus
    - Dendrites conduct impulses toward the cell body; they are short and branching, and they provide the receptive surface for communication with other neurons
    - The axon conducts impulses away from the cell body; it arises from a thickening extending from the cell body, called the axon hillock
    - There is only 1 axon in each neuron
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15
Q

Neuroglia (glial cells, “nerve glue”) are cells that..

A

Support neurons

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16
Q

Functions of neuroglia:

A
  • Fill spaces
  • Support
  • Protect
  • Nourish
  • Insulate
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17
Q

Neuroglia..

A

Do not generate or conduct nerve impulses
- Because it is not a functional tissue
- [Parenchyma: Functional tissue]

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18
Q

Central nervous system neuroglia:

A
  • (1) Microglia: small cells that function as phagocytes for bacterial cells
    and cellular debris, and produce scar tissue in sites of injury
  • (2) Oligodendrocytes: form the myelin sheath around axons in the brain and spinal cord
  • (3) Ependymal cells: produce cerebrospinal fluid in CNS
  • (4) Astrocytes: lie between blood vessels and neurons
    - Functions:
    - Structural support
    - Regulation of nutrient and ion concentrations
    - Formation of the blood-brain barrier, which protects brain tissue from chemical fluctuation and prevents entry of many substances
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19
Q

Peripheral nervous system neuroglia:

A
  • (1) Schwann cells: the myelin-producing neuroglia of the PNS
  • (2) Satellite cells: provide protective coating around cell bodies of neurons in the PNS
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20
Q

Meninges

A
  • The brain and spinal cord are surrounded by 3 membranes called meninges that lie between the skull bones & vertebrae and the soft CNS tissues
    • [Meninges: The 3 membranes of the central nervous system]
      • The structures of the CNS: Brain and spinal cord
  • The meninges consist of the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater:
  • Dura mater
    - (Line the skull bone)
    - Outermost layer of meninges
    - Made up of tough, dense connective tissue, and is very thick
    - Contains many blood vessels
    - Forms the internal periosteum of the skull bones
    - In some areas, the dura mater forms partitions between lobes of the brain, and in others, it forms dural sinuses
    - The sheath around the spinal cord is separated from the vertebrae by an epidural space
  • Arachnoid mater
    - The middle layer of meninges
    - Thin, weblike layer that lacks blood vessels
    - Between the arachnoid and pia mater is the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    - [Subarachnoid space: Space below the arachnoid mater and above the pia mater, containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)]
  • Pia mater
    - (Covers the brain and spinal cord)
    - The innermost layer of the meninges
    - Thin layer, which contains many blood vessels and nerves
    - Attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, and follows their contours
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21
Q

The meninges consist of the

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater:

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22
Q

Dura mater

A
  • (Line the skull bone)
  • Outermost layer of meninges which forms the internal periosteum of skull bones
  • Made up of thick, tough, and dense connective tissue, containing many blood vessels
  • In some areas, the dura mater forms partitions between lobes of the brain, and in others, it forms dural sinuses
  • [Epidural space: Space between skull and dura mater]
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23
Q

Arachnoid mater

A
  • The middle layer of meninges
  • Thin, weblike layer that lacks blood vessels
  • Between the arachnoid and pia mater is the subarachnoid space, which contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
    - [Subarachnoid space: Space below the arachnoid mater and above the pia mater, containing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)]
24
Q

Pia mater

A
  • (Covers the brain and spinal cord) and follows their contours
  • The innermost layer of the meninges
  • Thin layer, which contains many blood vessels and nerves
25
Q

Spinal cord:

A
  • Begins at the base of the brain at the foramen magnum
    - [Foramen magnum: A large hole in the occipital bone]
  • Extends as a thin cord to the level of the intervertebral disc between the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae
    - Total of 5 lumbar vertebrae
26
Q

Cervical enlargement:

A
  • A thickened area near top of spinal cord
  • Provides nerves to upper limbs
27
Q

Lumbar enlargement:

A
  • A thickened region near the bottom of the spinal cord
  • Gives rise to nerves that serve the lower limbs
28
Q

Cauda equina (horse’s tail/pony-tail):

A
  • Structure formed where spinal cord tapers to a point inferiorly
  • Consists of spinal nerves in the lumbar & sacral areas
29
Q

The Brain

A
  • Largest part of the nervous system
  • The brain is the largest, most complex portion of the nervous system, containing 100 billion multipolar neurons, and many neuroglia to support the neurons
  • Structure is reversed from that of spinal cord; gray matter outside and white matter inside
  • The 4 main parts of the brain:
    • (1) Cerebrum: Largest portion; associated with higher mental functions, and sensory & motor functions
      • Can be divided into 4 lobes:
        • (1) Frontal
        • (2) Parietal
        • (3) Temporal
        • (4) Occipital
    • (2) Diencephalon: Processes sensory input and controls many homeostatic processes
      • 3 Areas consist of:
        • (1) Thalamus
        • (2) Hypothalamus
        • (3) Pituitary gland
    • (3) Cerebellum: Coordinates muscular activity
      • Below the occipital lobe
    • (4) Brainstem: Coordinates and regulates visceral activities, and connects different parts of the nervous system
      • Passes through the foramen magnum, and becomes the spinal cord
30
Q

The 4 main parts of the brain:

A
  • (1) Cerebrum: Largest portion; associated with higher mental functions, and sensory & motor functions
    - Can be divided into 4 lobes:
    - (1) Frontal
    - (2) Parietal
    - (3) Temporal
    - (4) Occipital
  • (2) Diencephalon: Processes sensory input and controls many homeostatic processes
    - 3 Areas consist of:
    - (1) Thalamus
    - (2) Hypothalamus
    - (3) Pituitary gland
  • (3) Cerebellum: Coordinates muscular activity
    - Below the occipital lobe
  • (4) Brainstem: Coordinates and regulates visceral activities, and connects different parts of the nervous system
    - Passes through the foramen magnum, and becomes the spinal cord
31
Q

Structure of the cerebrum:

A
  • Cerebrum is largest portion of the mature brain
  • Consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres (Right and left), which are mirror images and divided by a longitudinal fissure: the corpus callosum
    - Those who are right handed, there left hemisphere is active
    - Those who are left handed, there right hemisphere is active
  • Corpus callosum: (Longitudinal fissure) flat bundle of nerve fibers that connects the hemispheres
  • The surface of the brain is marked by these features:
    - Gyri (singular is gyrus): (Elevation) Ridges
    - Sulci (singular is sulcus): (Depression) Grooves
    - Fissures (longitudinal and transverse): deep grooves
    - Four lobes of the cerebrum are named according to the bones they underlie: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
32
Q

Corpus callosum:

A

(Longitudinal fissure) flat bundle of nerve fibers that connects the hemispheres

[- Consists of 2 cerebral hemispheres (Right and left), which are mirror images and divided by a longitudinal fissure: the corpus callosum
- Those who are right handed, there left hemisphere is active
- Those who are left handed, there right hemisphere is active

33
Q

The surface of the brain is marked by these features:

A
  • Gyri (singular is gyrus): (Elevation) Ridges
  • Sulci (singular is sulcus): (Depression) Grooves
  • Fissures (longitudinal and transverse): deep grooves
  • Four lobes of the cerebrum are named according to the bones they underlie: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
34
Q

Functions of the cerebrum:

A
  • The cerebrum provides higher brain functions:
    - Interpretation of sensory input
    - Initiating voluntary muscular movements
    - Stores information for memory
    - Integrates information for reasoning
    - Intelligence
    - Personality
35
Q

Cerebrum:

A

Largest portion; associated with higher mental functions, and sensory & motor functions
- Can be divided into 4 lobes:
- (1) Frontal
- (2) Parietal
- (3) Temporal
- (4) Occipital

36
Q

Diencephalon:

A

Processes sensory input and controls many homeostatic processes
- 3 Areas consist of:
- (1) Thalamus
- (2) Hypothalamus
- (3) Pituitary gland

37
Q

Cerebellum:

A

Coordinates muscular activity
- Below the occipital lobe

38
Q

Brainstem:

A

Coordinates and regulates visceral activities, and connects different parts of the nervous system
- Passes through the foramen magnum, and becomes the spinal cord

39
Q

Ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid:

A
  • Ventricles: a series of connected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem
  • Continuous with central canal of spinal cord and subarachnoid space; all of these cavities are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
40
Q

Flow of CSF proceeds through the ventricles and channels in this order:

A
  • 2 Lateral ventricles— Connected to the 3rd ventricles by the: Interventricular foramina
  • Third ventricle— Connected to the 4th ventricle by the: Cerebral aqueduct
  • Fourth ventricle, which is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space of the meninges
41
Q

Any fluid in the body is called:

A

Filtration of blood
- EX: Urine, CSF

42
Q

Choroid plexuses:

A
  • (Ball of capillaries which filter blood to form CSF)
  • Masses containing specialized capillaries from the pia mater
  • Found in all 4 ventricles
  • Secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the ventricles; most CSF arises in the lateral ventricles
  • CSF circulates through ventricles and connecting passageways into the subarachnoid space, where it is reabsorbed back into the blood
  • CSF completely surrounds brain and spinal cord
  • CSF has nutritive as well as protective (cushioning) functions
43
Q

Hydrocephalus:

A
  • When the ventricle gets overflowed with fluid (Collection of CSF in the ventricle), CSF caused a blockage to the flow causing hydrocephalus
  • Abnormal buildup of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles (cavities) deep within the brain. This excess fluid causes the ventricles to widen, putting harmful pressure on the brain’s tissues
    - [Hydrocephalus: CSF overflow causing a clogged blockage to in the ventricle]
44
Q

Parts of the diencephalon:

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary gland
45
Q

Functions of the thalamus:

A
  • Sorting and directing sensory information arriving from other parts of the nervous system to the cerebral cortex
  • Channels all sensory impulses, except those for the sense of smell
  • Produces general awareness of the sensation, such as pain, touch and temperature
46
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

A
  • The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by regulating a wide variety of visceral activities, and by linking the endocrine system with the nervous system:
    - Regulates heart rate and arterial blood pressure
    - Regulates body temperature, water and electrolyte balance,hunger and body weight
    - Controls movements and secretions of the digestive tract
    - Helps to regulate sleep and wakefulness
    - Stimulates the posterior pituitary gland to secrete stored hormones
    - Produces hormones that cause the anterior pituitary gland to secrete its hormones
47
Q

The brainstem consists of:

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
  • Lies at the base of the cerebrum
  • Connects the cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to the spinal cord
48
Q

The cerebellum:

A
  • The cerebellum is located beneath the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, posterior to the brainstem
  • Made up of 2 hemispheres connected by the vermis
  • A thin layer of gray matter called the cerebellar cortex lies outside a core of white matter called the arbor vitae
  • The cerebellum communicates with other parts of the central nervous system through 3 pairs of tracts, the cerebellar peduncles
49
Q

Functions of cerebellum:

A
  • Integrates sensory information about the position of body parts
  • Coordinates skeletal muscle activity
  • Maintains posture
  • Ensures that movement occurs in the desired manner
50
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A
  • Consists of nerves that connect the CNS to body parts
  • Consists of cranial nerves, arising from the brain, and spinal
    nerves, arising from the spinal cord
  • Contains sensory and motor divisions
  • The motor part of the PNS is made up of 2 portions:
    - Somatic nervous system, which connects the CNS to skeletal muscles and the skin, and oversees conscious activities
    - Autonomic nervous system, which connects the CNS to viscera, and controls subconscious activities
51
Q

Subdivisions of the Nervous System: RECAP

A
  1. Central nervous system (CNS)
    1. Brain
    2. Spinal cord
    1. Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
      1. Cranial nerves arising from the brain and brainstem
        1. Sensory fibers connecting peripheral sensory receptors
          to the CNS
        2. Somatic fibers connecting to skin and skeletal muscles
        3. Autonomic fibers connecting to viscera
      2. Spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord
        1. Sensory fibers connecting peripheral sensory receptors
          to the CNS
        2. Somatic fibers connecting to skin and skeletal muscles
        3. Autonomic fibers connecting to viscera
52
Q

Cranial nerves:

A
  • Twelve pairs of cranial nerves arise from the underside of the
    brain
  • Most are mixed nerves, containing sensory & motor nerve fibers, but some are only sensory, and others are primarily motor
  • The first pair arises from the cerebrum, and the second pair from the thalamus, but most arise from the brainstem
  • The 12 pairs are designated by number and name; the numbers are in order, from superior to inferior
53
Q

Nerve X: Vagus (Type and function)

A
  • Type: Mixed
  • Functions:
    - Somatic motor fibers conduct impulses to muscles associated with speech and swallowing; autonomic motor fibers conduct impulses to the heart, smooth muscle, and glands in the thorax and abdomen
    - Sensory fibers conduct impulses from the pharynx, larynx, esophagus, and viscera of the thorax and abdomen
54
Q

Spinal nerves:

A
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves arise from spinal cord
  • All except the first pair are mixed nerves
  • Grouped according to the level from which they arise
  • Numbered in sequence: 8 pairs of cervical nerves, 12 pairs of thoracic nerves, 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, 5 pairs of sacral nerves and 1 pair of coccygeal nerves
  • Each arises from two roots: a sensory dorsal root, and a motor ventral root
  • Each dorsal root contains a dorsal root ganglion, which houses the cell bodies of sensory neurons entering the spinal cord
  • A ventral root and dorsal root unite to form a spinal nerve, which extends out of the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramen
55
Q

Spinal nerve plexuses: The main branches of spinal nerves, except in the thoracic region, form networks called plexuses

A
  • Cervical Plexuses (C1-C4):
    - Lie on either side of the neck; supply muscles and skin of the neck; include the phrenic nerves, which control the diaphragm
  • Brachial Plexuses (C5 – T1):
    - Arise from lower cervical and upper thoracic nerves; supply muscles and skin of arms, forearms, and hands; lead into the upper limbs; include the musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, radial, and axillary nerves
  • Lumbosacral Plexuses (L1-S4):
    - Arise from the lower spinal cord; supply muscles and skin of the lower abdomen, external genitalia, buttocks, and legs; include the obturator, femoral, and sciatic nerves
  • Anterior branches of the thoracic spinal nerves do not form plexuses, but become the intercostal nerves.

[BIO 115] Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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