Ch. 7 The Skeletal System Flashcards
Bone functions include
- Muscle attachment
- Protection and support
- Blood cell production (Hematopoiesis)
- Storage of inorganic salts (calcium)
Types of bone
- Long
- Short
- Sesamoid
- Flat
- Irregular
The diaphysis is..
The shaft, central part of long bone
The epiphyses are covered by
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
Epiphysis are..
The ends of the bones
The wall of the diaphyses is made up of..
Compact bone (tightly packed tissue)
The epiphyses are filled with..
Spongy (cancellous) bone
Structure of long bone
- 2 Epiphysis
- Diaphysis
- Periosteum
- Endosteum
What are the kinds of marrow that occupy the medullary cavities and larger canals of bone?
- Red Marrow (RBCs, WBCs, Platelets)
- Yellow Marrow (Stores fats and in adult bones)
What factors affect bone development, growth, and repair?
- Too much or too little growth hormone
- EX: Too little—Dwarfism
- Nutrition: Vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption
- Physical exercise
2 Major portions of the skeletal system
- Axial skeleton
- Appendicular skeleton
Frontal bone
Anterior part of skull
Parietal bones
Form the roof and the sides of the skull
Occipital bone
Forms the back of the skull
Temporal bones
Form parts of the sides
Mandible
Lower jawbone, only movable bone of the skull
Coronal suture
Between frontal bone and two parietal bones
Sagittal suture
Between the two parietal bones
Squamous suture
Between the parietal bone and the squamous part of temporal bone
Lambdoid suture
Between the two parietal bones and occipital bones
Hyoid bone
Supports the tongue and aids in swallowing
How many cervical vertebrae are in the neck?
7
How many thoracic vertebrae are in the thoracic region?
12
How many lumbar vertebrae are in the lower back (loin)?
5
How many lumbar vertebrae are in the lower back (loin)?
5
True ribs
(Ribs 1-7) Connect to sternum by their costal cartilages
False ribs
(Ribs 8-12) Do not reach the sternum directly
Floating ribs
(Ribs 10-12)
Sternum
Breastbone (Manubrium, body, xiphoid process)
Appendicular
Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton
Axial skeleton
Consists of the bony and cartilaginous parts that support and protect the head, neck, and trunk
Pectoral girdle
2 Clavicles and 2 scapulae
Upper limbs
Humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
Pelvic girdle
- Consists of 2 hip (coxal, pelvic, innominate) bones and the sacrum
- [Innominate: Unknown]
- The hip bones articulate with each other anteriorly, and with sacrum posteriorly
- The hip bone is formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis
- Pubic symphysis: 2 Pubic bones joining in the front
- [Symphysis: Joining]
Lower limbs
Femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges
Flexion:
Bending parts at a joint, so that the angle between them decreases
Extension:
Straightening parts at a joint, so that the angle between them increases
Lateral flexion:
Bending the head, neck, or trunk to the side
Hyperextension:
Straightening beyond normal anatomical position
Abduction:
Moving body part away from the midline
Adduction:
Moving a body part toward the midline
Dorsiflexion:
Ankle movement that brings the foot closer to the shin
Plantar Flexion:
Ankle movement that moves the foot further from the shin, Points the toes downward
Rotation:
Movement of a part around an axis
Circumduction:
Movement of a part so its end follows a circular path
Pronation:
Rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly
Supination:
Rotation of forearm so the palm is facing upward or anteriorly
Inversion:
Turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot medially
Eversion:
Turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot laterally
Protraction:
Moving a part of the body forward
Retraction:
Moving a part of the body backward
Elevation:
Raising a part of the body
Depression:
Lowering a part of the body
