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[BIO 115] Anatomy & Physiology > Ch. 12 Blood > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood, which is formed in bones is..

A

A type of (liquid) specialized connective tissue with fluid matrix (plasma) and formed elements

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2
Q

Blood is composed of..

A
  1. Plasma (Liquid portion of blood)
  2. Formed elements (RBCs, WBCs, Platelets/Thrombocytes)
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3
Q

Plasma is..

A

Liquid portion of blood

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4
Q

Formed elements consist of..

A
  1. Erythrocytes
  2. Leukocytes
  3. Platelets/Thrombocytes
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5
Q

Hematocrit (Hct):

A

The percentage of red blood cells

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6
Q

The normal Hct is..

A

45%

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7
Q

The amount of blood circulating in the body is approximately..

A

5 liters

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8
Q

Erythrocytes are biconcave which (1) means.. and (2) allows..

A

(1) Means: Disk-shape
(2) Allows: the RBCs to be flexible traveling throughout the capillaries/blood vessels

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9
Q

RBCs contain..

A

1/3 hemoglobin
[Hemoglobin— Carries oxygen]

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10
Q

When oxygen combines with hemoglobin, it forms..

A

Oxyhemoglobin
[Oxyhemoglobin— Gives blood its bright red color]

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11
Q

Oxyhemoglobin—

A

Gives blood its bright red color

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12
Q

When oxygen is released to the cell, _______ is darker in color

A

Deoxyhemoglobin

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13
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

The formation of RBCs
[Poiesis: formation]

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14
Q

RBCs production occurs in the..

A

Red bone marrow
[Hemopoiesis: Formation of blood]

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15
Q

Hemopoiesis:

A

Formation of blood

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16
Q

RBCs are produced from hematopoietic stem cells, aka…

A

Hemocytoblasts

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17
Q

The average life-span of a RBC is

A

120 days

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18
Q

When oxygen levels are low in the blood, what hormone is produced and by which organs?

A

Kidneys and liver will release erythropoietin

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19
Q

Erythropoietin:

A

A hormone that RBCs utilize when oxygen levels are low to remain constant due to a negative feedback mechanism

- Targets red bone marrow to produce RBCs
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20
Q

Polycythemia:

A

(Excessive ammount of red blood cells) causing blood to become viscous/thick

- Slow moving blood
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21
Q

Dietary factors affecting RBC production:

A
  • Vitamin B12 and folic acid are necessary for the reproduction of all body cells, especially in hemapoietic tissue
  • A deficiency in red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin results in anemia, which reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
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22
Q

Anemia..

A

A deficiency in red blood cells or quantity of hemoglobin

(Reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood)

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23
Q

Hemorrhagic anemia—

A

Hemorrhage [Rupture of blood]

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24
Q

Hemolytic anemia—

A

Bacterial infections that react in the body and breakdown RBCs

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25
Q

Pernicious anemia—

A

Deficiency of B12 absorption

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26
Q

Aplastic anemia—

A

Destruction of bone marrow from radiation (Patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy)

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27
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia—

A

Malnourishment, menstruation, persistent bleeding ulcer

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28
Q

Sickle cell anemia —

A

Abnormal hemoglobin structure due to genetic defect (Shape of RBCs is biconcave, disk shaped)

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29
Q

Types of anemia:

A
  • Hemorrhagic anemia— Hemorrhage [Rupture of blood]
  • Hemolytic anemia— Bacterial infections that react in the body and breakdown RBCs
  • Pernicious anemia— Deficiency of B12 absorption
  • Aplastic anemia— Destruction of bone marrow from radiation (Patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy)
  • Iron-deficiency anemia— Malnourishment, menstruation, persistent bleeding ulcer
  • Sickle cell anemia — Abnormal hemoglobin structure due to genetic defect (Shape of RBCs is biconcave, disk shaped)
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30
Q

With age, red blood cells become increasingly fragile and are damaged by passing through..

A

Narrow capillaries (Because of the biconcave and disk-shaped RBCs)

31
Q

Macrophages in the liver and spleen phagocytize..

A

Damaged RBCs

32
Q

Hemoglobin from the decomposed RBCs is converted into..

A

Heme and globin

33
Q

Heme is decomposed into (1)________ and the pigment (2)_______, which is coverted into (3)_________; both pigments are excreted in (4)______

A
  1. Iron
  2. Biliverdin
  3. Bilirubin
  4. Bile
34
Q

Bilirubin is a pigment which is..

A

Yellow in color

35
Q

The globin is broken down into..

A

Amino acids and reused

36
Q

Most of iron is stored in the (1)________, but can recycle back to (2) _________ ________ _________ to synthesize new RBCs

A
  1. Liver
  2. Red bone marrow
37
Q

Leukocytes (WBCs):

A

Defensive, immune cells that protect against infection

38
Q

Leukocytosis—

A

(Excessive amount of WBCs) When infection occurs, causing an increase of WBCs to protect

- Leukemia— Blood cancer, Excessive amount of WBCs that are not mature and cannot perform their function of protection against infection
39
Q

Leukemia—

A

Leukocytosis that cannot mature, Blood cancer) Excessive amount of WBCs that are not mature and cannot perform their function of protection against infection

40
Q

Leukopenia—

A

(Low amount of WBCs) Occurs as a result of a variety of conditions, including AIDS, chickenpox, and influenza

41
Q

Differential white blood cell count (DIFF)—

A

Shows the percentages of the 5 types of leukocytes in a blood sample

- See which WBCs are raised and what virus is there
- This helps diagnose an illness
42
Q

Platelets (Thrombocytes)

A

Fragments of megakaryocytes, which are large cells in the red bone marrow

43
Q

Thrombopoietin—

A

A hormone produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets

44
Q

Hemostasis—

A

The stoppage of bleeding

45
Q

Platelets live about..

A

10 days

46
Q

Thrombocytosis—

A

High platelet count which is caused by infection or genetic defect

47
Q

Thrombocytopenia—

A

(Low platelet count) which is caused by genetic condition, leukemia, radiation, certain pathogens, certain autoimmune diseases

48
Q

Thrombocytopenia leads to..

A

Increased risk of internal bleeding due to no formation of clots to stop bleeding

49
Q

Plasma is mostly water but contains a..

A

Variety of substances including proteins

50
Q

The function of plasma is..

A

Transport nutrient and gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, maintain an optimal pH

51
Q

Plasma proteins:

A

Most abundant dissolved substances in the plasma

52
Q

3 groups of plasma proteins:

A

Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

  • (1) Albumin— Keeps plasma inside blood vessels (Produced in liver)
    • Excessive filtration of albumin in the urine will cause plasma to go out of the tissues, causing edema
  • (2) Globulins
  • (3) Fibrinogen— (One of the factors) to help to form clots
53
Q

Circulating blood prevents clot formation in uninjured areas, by transporting excess..

A

thrombin away from these areas
[Thrombin: An enzyme in blood plasma which causes the clotting of blood]

54
Q

Thrombus:

A

A clot that forms abnormally in a vessel

55
Q

Embolus:

A

(Moving clot) Thrombus that dislodges and travels through the blood

  • More dangerous because it can travel and block any area
56
Q

Abnormal clots that travel through the blood can be very

A

Serious or fatal

57
Q

Coronary thrombosis:

A

Clot in a vessel that supplies the heart
- [Thrombo: Clot]

58
Q

Pulmonary embolism:

A

Traveling blood clot that blocks part of the lung
- [Pulmo: Lung]
- [Embolus: (Moving clot) Thrombus that dislodges and travels through the blood]

59
Q

Infarction:

A

(Death of tissue) Clot that blocks blood flow and kills tissue supplied by that vessel; myocardial infarction is a heart attack

60
Q

Atherosclerosis:

A

(Thickening of the wall due to the deposition of fat) Build up of fatty deposits in walls of arteries can sometimes lead to abnormal formation of clots
- [Athero: Fatty deposition]
- [Sclerosis: Thickening of the wall]

61
Q

Blood type A (Antigen and antibody)

A
  • Antigen: A
  • Antibody: Anti-B
62
Q

Blood type B (Antigen and antibody)

A
  • Antigen: B
  • Antibody: Anti-A
63
Q

Blood type AB (Antigen and antibody)

A
  • UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT
  • Antigen: A and B
  • Antibody: Neither Anti-A nor Anti-B
64
Q

Blood type O (Antigen and antibody)

A
  • UNIVERSAL DONOR
  • Antigen: Neither A not B
  • Antibody: Both Anti-A and Anti-B
65
Q

The Rh blood group was named after the..

A

Rhesus monkey

66
Q

Most common antigen of the Rh Blood Group is..

A

Antigen D

67
Q

If the Rh factor (antigen D) is present on a person’s red blood cells, the blood is..

A

Rh positive

68
Q

If the Rh factor (antigen D) is absent on a person’s red blood cells absent, the blood is..

A

Rh negative

69
Q

There are no corresponding antibodies in the plasma, unless a person with Rh negative blood had physical contact with Rh postive blood; the person will then develop..

A

Anti-Rh antibodies

70
Q

There are 2 ways in which an Rh-negative individual can have contact with Rh-positive blood:

A
  • (1) Transfusion
  • (2) Pregnancy
71
Q

If an Rh-negative woman carries an Rh-positive baby, she may be exposed to..

A

Rh-positive blood during delivery

72
Q

If an Rh-negative woman carries an Rh-positive baby, she may be exposed to Rh-positive blood during delivery:
The mother will now have anti-Rh antibodies that could attack the blood of a future Rh-positive baby; This is called..

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis, or hemolytic disease of the fetus or newborn
[Hemolytic: Breakdown of blood]

73
Q

A type of anti-Rh antibody that binds to and shields the fetus’ RBCs from the mother’s immune system is..

A

RhoGAM

[BIO 115] Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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