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[BIO 115] Anatomy & Physiology > Ch. 14 Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Ch. 14 Lymphatic System Flashcards

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1
Q

The lymphatic system is also named..

A

(Reticuloendothelial system, defensive system, immune system)

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2
Q

The lymphatic system is also known as..

A

A 2nd circulatory system

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3
Q

Lymphatic vessels collect and carry away excess tissue fluid from..

A

Interstitial spaces, eventually returning it to the blood

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4
Q

Lymph nodes, which are situated along lymphatic vessels, contain..

A

Lymphocytes, which help defend body against infection

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5
Q

The lymphatic pathway is..

A

Arterioles (blood) —> Capillaries (Vein-Blood) —> Tissue (Interstitial fluid) —> Lymphatic capillaries (Lymph) —> Lymph node —> Lymphatic ducts —> Either RT Lymphatic duct or Thoracic duct which drain into the RT or LT Subclavian vein

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6
Q

Lymphatic capillaries:

A
  • Tiny, closed-ended tubular vessels that extend into interstitial spaces, paralleling the blood capillaries
    • Found all over body, except in central nervous system
    • Receive tissue (interstitial) fluid through their thin walls and slits between cells
    • Once inside a lymphatic capillary, tissue fluid is called lymph
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7
Q

Lymphatic capillaries: Tiny, closed-ended tubular vessels that extend into..

A

Interstitial spaces, paralleling the blood capillaries

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8
Q

Lymphatic capillaries: Found all over body, except in..

A

Central nervous system

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9
Q

Lymphatic capillaries: Receive tissue (interstitial) fluid through their..

A

Thin walls and slits between cells

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10
Q

Lymphatic capillaries: Once inside a lymphatic capillary, tissue fluid is called..

A

Lymph

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11
Q

Lymphatic vessels:

A
  • Walls of lymphatic vessels are thinner than those of veins, but they are constructed with the same 3 layers
  • Have flaplike valves on the inside, like veins
    - Prevent backflow
  • Larger lymphatic vessels pass through organs called lymph nodes, and then merge to form larger lymphatic trunks
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12
Q

Lymphatic vessels: Walls of lymphatic vessels are thinner than those of veins, but they are constructed with..

A

The same 3 layers

  • (1) Tunica interna
    • Inner layer
    • Made of simple squamous epithelium
    • Also called endothelium
    • Direct contact with blood
    • Prevent blood clotting
  • (2) Tunica media
    • Middle layer
    • Thickest layer
      • Consist 2 layers: (1) Elastic connective tissue, (2) Smooth muscle
      • [Tube-like structures are made up of smooth muscle]
    • Functions: (1) Elasticity/contractibility, (2) Help maintaining blood pressure
  • (3) Tunica externa (Tunica adventitia)
    • Formed by fibrous connective tissue
    • Very strong
      • Prevent rupturing of the blood vessel because of pressure beared from the left ventricle
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13
Q

Lymphatic vessels: Have flaplike valves on the inside, like veins to

A

Prevent backflow

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14
Q

Lymphatic vessels: Larger lymphatic vessels pass through organs called..

A

Lymph nodes, and then merge to form larger lymphatic trunks

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15
Q

Lymphatic trunks:

A
  • Drain lymph from the lymphatic vessels
    • Named for the regions they drain
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16
Q

Trunks empty into 1 of 2 collecting ducts:

A

Thoracic or right lymphatic duct

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17
Q

Right lymphatic duct: Drains..

A

Right side of head and neck, right arm, and right thorax, and empties into right subclavian vein

18
Q

Thoracic duct:

A

Larger collecting duct, drains rest (majority) of the body, and empties into left subclavian vein

19
Q

Lymph:

A
  • Tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary
    • Lymph formation depends on tissue fluid formation
20
Q

Tissue fluid formation:

A
  • Tissue fluid is made up of water and dissolved substances that leave blood capillaries by filtration and diffusion
      - [Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration]
  - [Filtration: Water and dissolved material forced through a membrane from high to low pressure]
21
Q

Fluid that does not return to the capillaries becomes..

A

Tissue fluid

22
Q

Lymph also transports foreign particles, including bacteria and viruses, to the lymph nodes for..

A

Recognition and destruction

23
Q

Factors that help in the movement of lymph:

A
  • Hydrostatic pressure of tissue fluid
  • Muscular activity moves lymph through lymphatic vessels:
    - Skeletal muscle contraction
    - Breathing movements
    - Contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the vessels
    - Valves prevent backflow
  • Edema: Accumulation of lymph in the interstitial spaces, due to interference with flow in lymph
    - [Edema: When fluid goes between tissue]
    - EX: During surgery, such as removing cancerous breast, lymphatic vessels or tissues may be removed or disturbed; obstruction results in edema
24
Q

Lymphatic tissue contains..

A

Lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cells

25
Q

Lymphatic organs:

A
  • Lymph nodes
  • Thymus
  • Spleen
  • Tonsils
  • Appendix
26
Q

Lymph nodes: Location

A
  • In groups or chains along lymphatic vessels
    - Not found in the central nervous system
    - Major areas of concentration: Cervical, thoracic, axillary, supratrochlear, abdomial, pelvic, and inguinal regions
27
Q

Lymph nodes: Structure

A
  • Lymph nodes are bean-shaped,(kidney-shaped— Reniform)
  • Blood vessels, nerves, and efferent lymphatic vessens enter or exit at the indent hilum or hilus
  • Afferent lymphatic vessels enter on the convex surface
  • Lymph nodes are covered with a connective tissue capsule, that extends inside the node and divides it into lymphatic nodules and spaces called sinuses
  • Lymph nodes contain both lymphocytes and macrophages; they filter the lymph as it flows through them, removing many pathogens
  • Filtered lymph leaves lymph node through efferent lymphatic vessels
28
Q

Lymph nodes: Function

A
  • Filter lymph and remove bacteria and cellular debris before lymph is returned to the blood
  • Immune surveillance: Monitor body fluids; performed by lymphocytes and macrophages
  • Lymph nodes are also centers of lymphocyte production
  • Lymphocytes attack viruses, bacteria and parasitic cells that enter a lymph node
  • Macrophages engulf and destroy foreign particles, debris, and damaged cells
29
Q

Thymus: Location

A
  • Behind the sternum
  • Anterior to aorta
30
Q

Thymus: Structure

A
  • Soft, bi-lobed organ
  • Shrinks in size during the lifetime, large in children, small in adults, replaced by adipose and connective tissue in the elderly
  • Surrounded by a connective tissue capsule that extends inward and divides it into lobules
  • Lobules contain lymphocytes, some of which mature into T cells or T lymphocytes, that leave the thymus to provide immunity
31
Q

Thymus: Function

A

The thymus secretes hormones called thymosins, which influence maturation or T lymphocytes

32
Q

Spleen: Location

A

Lies in the upper left abdominal cavity (left hypochondriac region/LUQ)

33
Q

Spleen: Relational anatomy

  • The spleen is bordered by surrounding organs and structures:
    • Anterior by:
    • Medially by:
    • Posteriorly by:
A
  • Anterior by: Stomach
  • Medially by: Left kidney, splenic flexure of colon, pancreatic tail
  • Posteriorly by: Diaphragm, pleura left lung, ribs
34
Q

Spleen: Structure

A
  • Largest lymphatic organ in the body
  • Similar to a large lymph node, except it contains blood instead of lymph
  • Composed of white pulp, which contains many lymphocytes, and red pulp, which contains red blood cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes
35
Q

Spleen: Function

A

Filters the blood and removes damaged blood cells and bacteria

36
Q

Pathogens:

A
  • Disease-causing agents
  • Presence and multiplication can produce an infection
  • Can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or protozoans
37
Q

Two basic mechanisms of defenses:

A
  • Innate (Nonspecific) defenses:
    - Guard against many types of pathogens; respond quickly
    - Include species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, and fever
  • Adaptive (Specific) defenses or immunity:
    - Respond against only a specific type of pathogen; respond more slowly
    - Accomplished by specialized lymphocytes, which secrete cytokines or antibodies
38
Q

Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses: Mechanical barriers

A
  • The body’s first line of defense (the rest of the innate defenses are part of the 2nd line of defense
  • Prevent the entry of certain pathogens by providing a physical separation of pathogens and internal tissues
  • Includes hair, mucus, and sweat
39
Q

Innate (Nonspecific) Defenses: Chemical barriers

A
  • Chemicals that kill many pathogens
  • Acidic environment
  • Enzymes— Destroy many pathogens
  • Interferons— Block viral replication and slow tumor growth
  • Complement— Attracts phagocytes and enhances phagocytosis and antibody action
40
Q

Adaptive (Specific) Defenses or Immunity:

A
  • Third line of defense
  • Response by the body against specific pathogens, their toxins or metabolic products
41
Q

Hilum/hilus:

A

Door in which vessels move in and out

[BIO 115] Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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