Ch. 8 Muscular System Flashcards
What are muscles?
Organs that generate force to cause all types of movement
What is the function of muscle tissue?
Contraction, relaxation
Whats are the types of muscle tissue?
- (1) Cardiac— Heart muscles (Involuntary)
- (2) Smooth— All the tubular or sac shaped organs in the muscle (Involuntary)
- (3) Skeletal— Muscles attached to the bone (Voluntary)
Cardiac muscle is..
- Involuntary— Cannot control
- Found only in the heart
Smooth (Visceral smooth muscle) is..
- Involuntary— Cannot control
- Found in all the tubular or sac shaped organs (Hollow internal organs)
Because organs are formed by smooth muscles, it can also be called..
Visceral smooth muscle
Examples of visceral smooth muscle
- EX: Digestive tract, blood vessels, urinary bladder, uterus
Skeletal muscle is..
- Voluntary— Can control
- Muscle attached to the bone
Connective tissue coverings over muscles consist of the tendon which..
Joins muscle to bone
(Epicranial) Aponeurosis
- Muscles connected to each other by broad sheets of connective tissue
- Above skull
- Flat tendon that attaches muscle to bone
What is a synapse?
The space between 2 neurons
What is the neuromuscular junction?
The junction of nerve cell and muscle cell
There is no physical touch between..
Muscle and neurons
Neuromuscular junction communicates by releasing a chemical called..
Neurotransmitter
What is glycolysis?
An incomplete breakdown of glucose creating ATP
Hemoglobin is..
In red blood cells and carries oxygen to muscle tissue
What is muscle fatigue?
When a muscle loses its ability to contract during strenuous excerise
- It a rises from electrolyte imbalances and decreased ATP levels
What is a muscle cramp?
A sustained, painful, involuntary contraction, occurs due to changes in extracellular fluid around the muscle fibers
During excerise or any strenous work..
- (1) Oxygen which is utilized by muscles decreases oxygen concentration which is called oxygen debt
- (2) In the absence of oxygen, the glucose/sugar will change into lactic acid causing muscle fatigue
What is hypertrophy?
Enlargement of a muscle due to repeated exercise
What is atrophy?
Decrease in muscle size and strength, due to disuse
What is origin?
The less movable end of a skeletal muscle
What is insertion?
The more moveable end of a skeletal muscle
The sternocleidomastoid is named for what attachments?
Attaches to sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process
What are the 4 major muscles which form the anterior abdominal wall?
- (1) Rectus abdominis– Joined by the linea alba (Connective tissue that extends from the xiphoid process down to the pubic symphysis where 2 pubic bones are joined
- (2) External oblique
- (3) Internal oblique
- (4) Transversus abdominis
What is the linea alba?
Connective tissue that extends from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis where 2 pubic bones are joined
What muscle tissue is the diaphragm?
Skeletal muscle
What is the diaphragm?
Muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity (Skeletal muscle) (Respiratory muscle)
Breathing requires a change in size of the..
Thorax
During inspiration..
Thoracic cavity increases in size causing the diaphragm to be lowered/flattened (contacted)
- External intercostal lifts the ribs
During expiration..
Thoracic cavity decreases in size (causing the diaphragm to move up/relax)
- Internal intercostal muscle used in force expiration
The aorta (Largest artery) moves from the
Thoracic cavity to abdominal cavity
The esophagus (Part of the digestive system) moves..
From the thoracic cavity to abdominal cavity
The inferior vena cava (Largest vein) moves..
From the abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity
Formation of the floor of pelvis is formed by
2 Muscular sheets that close off the inferior outlet of the pelvis
What are the muscles of the pelvic floor?
- (1) Pelvic diaphragm— (Deeper) Forms the outlet of the pelvic cavity
- (2) Urogenital diaphragm— (Superficial) Fills the space within the pubic arch
Pelvic diaphragm—
(Deeper) Forms the outlet of the pelvic cavity
Urogenital diaphragm—
(Superficial) Fills the space within the pubic arch
The iliopsoas muscle is composed of..
The iliacus and psoas major muscle
- The psoas major comes from the abdominal wall, going down to merge with the illiacus
The calf muscle that is on the posterior leg is the..
Gastrocnemius
