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[BIO 115] Anatomy & Physiology > Ch. 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Ch. 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

The study of structure

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

The study of function

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3
Q

List the Levels of Organization

A
  1. Chemicals
  2. (Organelles)
  3. Cellular
  4. Tissues
  5. Organs
  6. Organ Systems
  7. Organisms
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4
Q

Define Growth

A

Increase in body size/number of cells

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5
Q

Define Reproduction

A

New organisms or cells produced

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6
Q

Define Responsiveness

A

Reaction to internal/external change

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7
Q

Define Movement

A

Change in position, motion of internal organ

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8
Q

Define Metabolism

A

The sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

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9
Q

Define Homeostasis

A

Internal balance

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10
Q

What are the components of the control systems called homeostatic mechanism?

A
  1. Receptor (Receive)
  2. Set point (Normal value)
  3. Effector (Bring about responses)
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11
Q

The body can be divided into 2 portions, what are they?

A
  1. Axial (Head, neck, and trunk)
  2. Appendicular (Upper and lower limbs)
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12
Q

The axial portion contains several cavities that house body organs, what are the cavities?

A
  1. Cranial cavity
  2. Vertebral canal
  3. Thoracic cavity
  4. Abdominopelvic cavity
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13
Q

The cranial cavity houses the

A

Brain

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14
Q

The vertebral canal houses the

A

Spinal cord

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15
Q

The thoracic cavity houses the

A

Heart, lungs, mediastinum

[Mediastinum: Space between the lungs, Houses the heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta, superior/inferior vena cava)

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16
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A
  • The thoracic region between the two lungs, between the sternum and vertebrae
  • Houses the heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta, superior/inferior vena cava
  • (Splits left and right sections)
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17
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity consist of what cavities

A
  1. Abdominal cavity (Stomach– LUQ, Liver– RUQ, Kidneys– Retroperitoneal)
  2. Pelvic cavity (End of large intestine, Internal reproductive organs, Urinary bladder)
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18
Q

The abdominal cavity houses the

A
  • Stomach (LUQ)
  • Liver (RUQ)
  • Kidneys (Retroperitoneal)
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19
Q

The pelvic cavity houses the

A

End of large intestine, urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs

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20
Q

What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?

A

The diaphragm

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21
Q

What are the membranes of the ventral cavity?
(Serous membranes)

A
  1. Pleural cavity
  2. Pericardial cavity
  3. Peritoneal cavity
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22
Q

Parietal pleura

A

lines the pleural cavity

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23
Q

Visceral pleura

A

covers the lungs

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24
Q

Parietal percardium

A

lines the pericardial cavity

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25
Q

Visceral pericardium

A
  • covers the heart
  • AKA epicardium
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26
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

lines the peritoneal cavity

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27
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

covers the organs of the abdomen

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28
Q

List the organs and function of the integumentary system

A
  • Hair, skin, nails, sweat and sebaceous glands
  • Regulates body temperature, acts as an outer-protective covering
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29
Q

List the organs and function of the skeletal system

A
  • Bones, ligaments, tendons, and cartilage
  • Support and protect

[Tendon— Joins muscle to bone]
[Ligament— Joins bone to bone]

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30
Q

List the organs and function of the muscular system

A
  • Muscles
  • Provides body movement, source of body heat
  • (Provides support and movement)
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31
Q

List the organs and function of the nervous system

A
  • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs
  • Communication throughout the body via neurotransmitters (fast acting)
  • (Provides integration and coordination)
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32
Q

List the organs and function of the endocrine system

A
  • All glands that secrete hormones
  • (slow system) Alter metabolism of specific target cells
  • The endocrine system works with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis
    • [Homeostasis: Internal balance]
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33
Q

List the organs and function of the cardiovascular system

A
  • Heart, blood vessels, blood
  • Distribute oxygen, nutrients, & hormones, remove waste from cells– carbon dioxide
  • (Provides transport of substances through the body)
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34
Q

List the organs and function of the lymphatic system

A
  • Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph (fluid)
  • Drain excess tissue fluid and return it to the bloodstream
35
Q

List the organs and function of the digestive system

A
  • (1) Alimentary canal/Digestive tract— Passageway for food
    • Mouth
      • Esophagus
    • Stomach
    • Small intestine
    • Large intestine
    • Rectum
    • Anal canal
    • Anus
  • (2) Accessory organs— Secretion helps with the digestion of food
    • Salivary gland (In the mouth)
    • Liver
    • Gallbladder
    • Pancreas
  • Breaks down complex food to use in the body
  • (Provide absorption and excretion)
36
Q

List the organs and function of the respiratory system

A
  • Lungs, nasal cavity, pleural spaces
  • Exchanges O2 and CO2
  • (Provide absorption and excretion)
37
Q

List the organs and function of the urinary system

A
  • Kidneys (2), ureters (2), urinary bladder, urethra
  • Filters blood, excrete urine
  • (Provides absorption and excretion)
38
Q

List the organs and function of the male reproductive system

A
  • Primary sex organs (gonads) of the male:
    • Testes
  • Accessory ducts:
    • Seminiferous tubule
    • Epididymis
    • Vas deferens
    • Ejaculating duct
    • Urethra
  • Accessory glands
    • Seminal vesicle
    • Prostate gland
    • Bulbourethral gland
  • Produces sperm (1 hormone- testosterone)
39
Q

List the organs and function of the female reproductive system

A
  • Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, clitoris, vulva
  • Produce eggs (2 hormones, estrogen and progesterone)
40
Q

Describe anatomical position

A
  • Body erect
  • Face and palms forward
  • Upper limbs at sides
  • [Erect: Rigidly upright or straight]
41
Q

Superior

A

Above

42
Q

Inferior

A

Below

43
Q

Anterior

A

Ventral, front

44
Q

Posterior

A

Dorsal, back

45
Q

Medial

A

Closer to the midline

46
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the side

47
Q

Bilateral

A

Paired structures w/ one on each side (eyes, kidney, ovaries)

48
Q

Ipsilateral

A

Structures on the same side of body (liver, right kidney)

49
Q

Contralateral

A

Structures on the opposite sides of body

50
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to point of attachment/origin

51
Q

Distal

A

Further from the point of attachment/origin

52
Q

Superficial

A

Near surface

53
Q

Deep

A

More internal

54
Q

The sagittal section divides the body into

A

right and left portions

55
Q

If the sagittal section divides the body into equal parts, it is

A

midsagittal

56
Q

The section that divides the body into superior and inferior portions is

A

transverse (horizontal)

57
Q

The section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is

A

frontal (coronal)

58
Q

A cross section is a cut

A

across the structure

59
Q

An oblique section is an ________ cut through the structure

A

angular

60
Q

A longitudinal section is a __________ cut through the structure

A

lengthwise

61
Q

Epigastric

A

Above the stomach (Upper middle part)

62
Q

Right and left hypochondriac

A

Below the ribs/cartilage (lateral to epigastric region)

63
Q

Umbilical

A

Middle part

64
Q

Right and left lumbar region

A

Lateral to umbilical region

65
Q

Hypogastric region

A

Lower middle part, below umbilical

66
Q

Right and left inguinal (iliac)

A

Lateral to hypogastric region

67
Q

Cephalic

A

Head

68
Q

Frontal

A

Forehead

69
Q

Cervical

A

Neck

70
Q

Axillary

A

Armpit

71
Q

Mammary

A

Breast

72
Q

Brachial

A

Arm

73
Q

Femoral

A

Thigh

74
Q

Occipital

A

Back of head

75
Q

Dorsal

A

Posterior (back)

76
Q

Lumbar

A

Lower back

77
Q

Which organ system(s) provide body covering?

A

Integumentary system

78
Q

Which organ system(s) provide support and movement?

A
  1. Skeletal system
  2. Muscular system
79
Q

Which organ system(s) provide integration and coordination?

A
  1. Nervous system
  2. Endocrine system
80
Q

Which organ system(s) provide transport of substances through the body?

A
  1. Cardiovascular system
  2. Lymphatic system
81
Q

Which organ system(s) provide absorption and excretion?

A
  1. Digestive system
  2. Respiratory system
  3. Urinary system
82
Q

Which organ system(s) provide reproduction of new offspring together?

A
  1. Male reproductive system
  2. Female reproductive system
83
Q

The mediastinum houses…

A

The heart, trachea, esophagus, aorta, superior/inferior vena cava

[Mediastinum: The space between both lungs inside thoracic cavity]

[BIO 115] Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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