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[BIO 115] Anatomy & Physiology > Ch. 20 Pregnancy, Growth, Development, and Genetics > Flashcards

Ch. 20 Pregnancy, Growth, Development, and Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Growth is increase in (1) ____ and (2) ___ ____

A
  1. size
  2. cell number
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2
Q

By the process of cell division, mitosis is in the (1) ____ ____

A
  1. whole body
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3
Q

By the process of cell division, meiosis is only for the reproduction of (1) ____ ____

A
  1. reproductive cells
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4
Q

Development:
- Involves (1) ____ and (2) ____
- Process of change through ____

A
  1. growth
  2. aging
  3. lifespan
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5
Q

Lifespan phases:
- Prenatal period, between (1) ____ and (2) ____
- [Pre: (3) ____]
- Postnatal period, between (4) ____ and (5) ____

A
  1. fertilization
  2. birth
  3. before
  4. birth
  5. death
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6
Q

Fertilization or conception:
- Union of a (1) ____ ____ and a (2) ____ ____
- Results in a new cell called a (3) ____
- [Zygote: (4)____]
- Contains a (5) ____ number, 46 pairs chromosomes — Egg contains a haploid number and sperm contains a haploid number
- Fertilization takes place in a fallopian tube— (6)

A
  1. secondary oocyte
  2. sperm cell
  3. zygote
  4. fertilized egg
  5. diploid
  6. ampulla
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7
Q

Transport of sex cells:
- During a female’s reproductive age, an egg is typically ovulated each month, and enters a (1) ____ ____
- After sperm deposition into the (2) ____, sperm move through the (3) ____ into the (4) ____ ____
- Factors that help the sperm reach the egg:
- (5) ____ in semen stimulate the lashing movement of the sperm tail for swimming, and cause (6) ____ ____ of the uterus and uterine tubes to aid (7) ____ ____
- Under the influence of estrogen during the first half of the menstrual cycle, (8) ____ ____ are watery, allowing for easy sperm transport through the (9) ____ ____
- Sperm reach upper portion of uterine tube within (10) ____ ____
- There may be many sperm that reach the egg, but only (11) ____ can fertilize it

A
  1. fallopian tube
  2. vagina
  3. uterus
  4. fallopian tubes
  5. prostaglandins
  6. muscular contractions
  7. sperm movement
  8. uterine secretions
  9. female tract
  10. 1 hour
  11. one
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8
Q

Sperm cell joins secondary oocyte:
- With the aid of the acrosomal enzymes in the (1) ____ ____, sperm erode the (2) ____ ____, the layers of cells surrounding the (3) ____ ____
- Sperm bind to the (4) ____ ____, the membrane directly surrounding the (5) ____, and digest a specific protein
- Only the first sperm head is allowed to penetrate the (6) ____ ____ ____
- Following penetration, hardening of the (7) ____ ____ prevent the entry of additional sperm cells
- The sperm cell nucleus swells and becomes the (8) ____ ____
- The secondary oocyte completes (9) ____ ____ and its nucleus becomes the (10) ____ ____
- Pronuclei of egg and sperm unite, completing (11) ____
- Fertilization results in formation of a (12) ____

A
  1. sperm head
  2. corona radiata
  3. secondary oocyte
  4. zona pellucida
  5. oocyte
  6. egg cell membrane
  7. zona pellucida
  8. male pronucleus
  9. meiosis II
  10. female pronucleus
  11. fertilization
  12. zygote
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9
Q

Pregnancy:
- The presence of a developing (1) ____ in the (2) ____
- Lasts for about (3) ____ weeks

  • Divided into trimesters of about 3 months each
    - 1st Trimester— (4) ________
    - 2nd Trimester— (5) ________
    - 3rd Trimester— (6) ________
A
  1. offspring
  2. uterus
  3. 38
  4. Day of fertilization - 12th week
  5. 13th week - 26th week
  6. 27th week - birth
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10
Q

Prenatal period:
- Period of development of offspring, that lasts for about 38 weeks from conception; ends with the birth of the baby

  • Divided into an (1) ____ stage and (2) ____ stage
    • Embryonic stage:
      - Period between (3) ____ and the (4) ____ week (10th week)
      - (5) ____ forms, major organs form, external structures appear
    • Fetal stage:
      - (6) ____ week until (7) ____
A
  1. embryonic
  2. fetal
  3. fertilization
  4. 8th
  5. placenta
  6. 9th
  7. birth
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11
Q

Period of cleavage:
- 30 hours after zygote formation, a period of (1) ____ begins; this is called (2) ____, because cells divide rapidly, becoming smaller and smaller with each division as the zygote moves down (3) ____ ____ to the (4) ____
- Trip down the uterine tube takes about (5) ____ days; by then, the mass has developed into a solid ball of approximately (6) ____ cells called a (7) ____
- Morula stays in the (8) ____ ____ for approximately 3 days, unattached
- Morula then forms hollow mass, called a (9) ____
- Blastocyst implants into the (10) ____ of uterus by end of first week
- Up to this point, the cells are (11) ____ ____ ____, which can give rise to more stem cells and several types of specialized cells

A
  1. mitosis
  2. cleavage
  3. fallopian tube
  4. uterus
  5. 3
  6. 18
  7. morula
  8. uterine cavity
  9. blastocyst
  10. endometrium
  11. pluripotent stem cells
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12
Q

Early development & implantation:
- At time of implantation, certain inner cells of the blastocyst organize into the inner cell mass (embryoblast), which gives rise to the embryo proper, the body of the offspring
- The cells of the wall of the blastocyst develop into the (1) ____, which becomes supporting structures for the (2) ____
- Trophoblast cells send out extensions, (3) ____, which invade the (4) ____
- Endometrial growth surrounds the (5) ____, resulting in (6) ____ into the lining of the (7) ____
- Trophoblast secretes the hormone (8) ____ ____ ____ ( (9) ___ ), which maintains (10) ___ ___ for production of hormones—progesterone and estrogen, during early pregnancy
- hCG also promotes synthesis of hormones from the developing (11) ____, a structure that forms from cells that surround the embryo and cells from endometrium
- Placenta exchanges (12) ____, ____, and ____ between mother and embryo, and anchors embryo to wall of uterus
- Checks if you are pregnant or not

A
  1. trophoblast
  2. embryo
  3. microvilli
  4. endometrium
  5. blastocyst
  6. implantation
  7. uterus
  8. human chorionic gonadotropin
  9. hCG
  10. corpus luteum
  11. placenta
  12. nutrients, wastes, and gases
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13
Q

As placenta forms from chorion, another membrane develops around the embryo, called the (1) ____:
- Starts forming in (2)____nd week
- Attaches around edge of inner cell mass, or (3) ____ ____
- Primary germ layers of the embryonic disc:

        - (4) 
        - (5) 
        - (6)
  • (7) ____: Movement of cells in embryonic disc to form multiple layers
    - All organs form from these 3 primary germ layers, a process called (8) ____
  • (9) ____ ____ (water bag) begins to fill space between (10) ____ ____ and (11) ____
  • Amniotic fluid prevents compression of embryo, cushions embryo from mother’s movements, and maintains stable temperature
  • Umbilical cord forms from portions of the amnion enveloping tissues on underside of embryo, mainly the connecting stalk
  • Umbilical cord connects umbilicus of embryo to the placenta; it exchanges blood between the (12) ____ and the (13) ____
A
  1. amnion
  2. 2
  3. embryonic disc
    4-6. (1) Ectoderm, (2) Mesoderm, (3) Endoderm
  4. gastrulation
  5. organogenesis
  6. amniotic fluid
  7. embryonic disc
  8. amnion
  9. embryo
    13.placenta
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14
Q

2 additional membranes form during development:

  • Yolk sac: Forms during 2nd week; produces blood cells, and gives rise to cells that will develop into sex cells
    - Produces the (1) ___ ___ ___
  • Allantois: formed during 3rd week; produces blood cells and umbilical blood vessels
    - Develops into the (2) ____ ____
  • Placenta forms from area where chorion contacts uterine wall:
    - Embryonic part consists of chorion and chorionic villi
    - Maternal part consists of decidua basalis of uterine wall, where the villi are attached
                  - Pregnant endometrium— (3) \_\_\_\_
A
  1. 1st blood cell
  2. umbilical cord
  3. Decidua
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15
Q

Overview of Fetal Blood and Circulation

  • The placenta attaches to the baby by the (1) ____ ____
  • The umbilical cord is aka as (2) ____ vessel cords
    - The (3) ____ ____ brings (4) ____ ____ and (5) ____ from the (6) ____ to the (7) ____
    - The (8) ____ ____ takes back the (9) ____ ____ from the (10) ___ to the (11) ____
  • The (12) ____ ____ ascends (13) ____ and enters the (14) ____
  • In the liver, a (15) ____ portion of blood remains while the rest of the blood goes into the (16) ____ through the shunt called the (17) ____ ____
  • The (18) ____ ____ enters into the (19) ____, where it then enters the (20) ____ ____
  • Between the (21) ____ and (22) ____—Interatrial septum, is a shunt called the (23) ____ ____
  • Blood enters into the (24) ____ ____ through the (25) ____ ____
  • From the left atrium, blood enters into the (26) ____ ____
  • A (27) ____ portion of blood enters the left ventricle, the left ventricle pumps the rest of the blood into the (28) ____ ____
  • Blood from the pulmonary trunk enters the aorta through the shunt called the (29) ____ ____
  • When oxygen and nutrients is supplied to the body, the deoxygenated blood goes from the (30) ____ ____ to the (31) ____ ____, back to the (32) ____
  • As soon as a baby is born, the action of (33) ____ inflates the lung
  • Pressure increases and decreases and all the (34) ____ ____
    - The ductus venosus becomes (35) ____ ____
    - The foramen ovale becomes (36) ____ ____
    - The ductus arteriosus becomes (37) ____ ____
  • Umbilical vein becomes (38) ____ ____— AKA (39) ____ ____
  • Umbilical arteries become (40) ____ ____ ____
A
  1. umbilical cord
  2. 3
  3. umbilical vein
  4. oxygenated blood
  5. nutrients
  6. mother
  7. baby
  8. umbilical arteries
  9. deoxygenated blood
  10. baby
  11. mother
  12. umbilical vein
  13. upward
  14. liver
  15. small
  16. IVC
  17. ductus venosus
  18. ductus venosus
  19. IVC
  20. right atrium
  21. right atrium
  22. left atrium
  23. foramen ovale
  24. left atrium
  25. foramen ovale
  26. left ventricle
  27. small
  28. pulmonary trunk
  29. ductus arteriosus
  30. iliac arteries
  31. umbilical arteries
  32. mother
  33. crying
  34. shunts close
  35. ligamentum venosum
  36. fossa ovalis
  37. ligmentum arteriosum
  38. ligamentum teres
  39. round ligament
  40. medial umbilical ligaments
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16
Q

Example of abnormal chromosomal inheritance:

A
  • Down syndrome:
    • Trisomy 21 (3 copies of chromosome 21)
17
Q

Female has

A

2 X chromosomes, XX

18
Q

Male has an

A

X and a Y chromosome, XY

19
Q

Sex chromosomes, called the X and Y chromosomes, determine

A

sex

20
Q

After a baby is born and the lungs deflate, the umbilical vein becomes

A

Ligamentum teres— AKA Round ligament

21
Q

After a baby is born and the lungs deflate, the ductus venosus becomes

A

Ligamentum venosum

22
Q

After a baby is born and the lungs deflate, the foramen ovale becomes

A

Fossa ovalis

23
Q

After a baby is born and the lungs deflate, the ductus arteriosus becomes

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

24
Q

After a baby is born and the lungs deflate, the umbilical arteries become

A

Medial umbilical ligaments

[BIO 115] Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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