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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Marieb) > Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissues > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Muscles and Muscle Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

A type of muscle tissue made up of muscle fibers, nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues

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2
Q

How are muscle fibers stimulated to contract?

A

By events that occur at the neuromuscular junction

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3
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

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4
Q

What are the two types of muscle contractions?

A

Isometric and isotonic contractions

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5
Q

EPOC (Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption)

A

The amount of oxygen required to restore muscle to its resting state after exercise

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6
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Nonstriated, involuntary muscle found in the walls of hollow organs

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7
Q

What type of muscle tissue is responsible for overall body mobility?

A

Skeletal muscle

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8
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is found only in the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle

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9
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is non-striated and involuntary?

A

Smooth muscle

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10
Q

Which muscle tissue type has the ability to contract without nervous system stimulation?

A

Cardiac muscle

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11
Q

What characteristic of muscle tissue allows it to return to its original length after stretching?

A

Elasticity

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12
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle in the body?

A

Forcing fluids and other substances through internal body channels

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13
Q

What is the ability of a muscle cell to receive and respond to a stimulus called?

A

Excitability

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14
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

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15
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is voluntary?

A

Skeletal muscle

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16
Q

What are the key characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

Skeletal, striated, and voluntary

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17
Q

Where is cardiac muscle tissue found?

A

In the heart

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18
Q

What are the key characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

Cardiac, striated, and involuntary

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19
Q

What are the key characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

Visceral, nonstriated, and involuntary

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20
Q

What is the ability of muscle tissue to shorten forcibly when stimulated?

A

Contractility

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21
Q

What is the ability of muscle tissue to stretch called?

A

Extensibility

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22
Q

What are the four important functions of muscle tissue?

A

Produce movement, maintain posture and body position, stabilize joints, generate heat

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23
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The plasma membrane of muscle cells

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24
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

The cytoplasm of muscle cells

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25
Q

Muscle fibers

A

Elongated cells found in skeletal and smooth muscle

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26
Q

What is the primary function of the epimysium in skeletal muscles?

A

Surrounds the whole muscle

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27
Q

Which connective tissue sheath surrounds individual muscle fibers?

A

Endomysium

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28
Q

What type of attachment involves the epimysium fusing directly to the periosteum of a bone?

A

Direct attachment

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29
Q

Which of the following is NOT found within a skeletal muscle?

A

Osseous tissue

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30
Q

What structure serves each muscle with nerve and blood supply?

A

One nerve, one artery, and one or more veins

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31
Q

What is the role of capillaries in skeletal muscles?

A

Accommodate changes in muscle length

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32
Q

What is the primary function of the perimysium?

A

Surrounds fascicles

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33
Q

What structure is described as a ‘wispy sheath of connective tissue’?

A

Endomysium

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34
Q

Which connective tissue sheath is described as an ‘overcoat’?

A

Epimysium

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35
Q

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Contract to produce movement

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36
Q

What are the main components of a skeletal muscle?

A

Muscle fibers, nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissues

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37
Q

How do skeletal muscles receive oxygen and nutrients?

A

Through a rich blood supply via arteries

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38
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect muscle attachments?

A

Direct attachments involve the epimysium fusing to bone or cartilage, while indirect attachments involve tendons or aponeuroses.

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39
Q

Epimysium

A

A dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle.

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40
Q

Perimysium

A

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle within a muscle.

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41
Q

Endomysium

A

A wispy sheath of connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber.

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42
Q

Fascicle

A

A discrete bundle of muscle cells surrounded by perimysium.

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43
Q

Sarcomere

A

The contractile unit of a muscle fiber, composed of myofilaments.

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44
Q

Myofibrils

A

Rodlike structures within muscle fibers that contain the contractile elements of the muscle, including sarcomeres.

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45
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

A

An elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers that stores and releases calcium ions to regulate muscle contraction.

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46
Q

T Tubules

A

Extensions of the sarcolemma that penetrate into the cell’s interior, helping to transmit electrical impulses and coordinate muscle contractions.

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47
Q

Sliding Filament Model of Contraction

A

A model describing how muscle contraction occurs by the sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments, increasing their overlap.

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48
Q

Troponin

A

A regulatory protein in thin filaments that binds calcium ions and helps control the interaction between actin and myosin during muscle contraction.

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49
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

The region where a motor neuron contacts a skeletal muscle fiber.

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50
Q

Action Potential (AP)

A

A large change in membrane potential that spreads rapidly over long distances within a cell.

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51
Q

Chemically Gated Ion Channels

A

Ion channels that open in response to binding of a chemical messenger, such as a neurotransmitter.

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52
Q

Voltage-Gated Ion Channels

A

Ion channels that open or close in response to changes in membrane potential.

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53
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

A

The sequence of events by which transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to muscle contraction.

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54
Q

Cross Bridge Cycle

A

The series of events during which myosin heads pull thin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere.

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55
Q

Action Potential

A

A rapid rise and subsequent fall in voltage or membrane potential across a cellular membrane.

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56
Q

End Plate Potential

A

A local change in membrane potential at the neuromuscular junction due to the influx of sodium ions and efflux of potassium ions.

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57
Q

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

A

The process by which an action potential in a muscle fiber triggers a contraction by causing the release of calcium ions.

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58
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

A specialized type of smooth endoplasmic reticulum that stores and releases calcium ions in muscle cells.

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59
Q

Tropomyosin

A

A protein that blocks myosin-binding sites on actin molecules, preventing muscle contraction in the absence of calcium.

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60
Q

Troponin

A

A protein that binds to calcium ions and moves tropomyosin away from myosin-binding sites on actin filaments, allowing muscle contraction.

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61
Q

What conditions are necessary for the cross bridge cycle to continue?

A

ATP must be available and Ca2+ must be bound to troponin.

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62
Q

Cross Bridge

A

The connection formed when the energized myosin head attaches to an actin myofilament.

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63
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

The muscle rigidity that occurs after death due to the inability of myosin heads to detach from actin in the absence of ATP.

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64
Q

Temporal summation

A

An increase in the frequency of stimulation that results in greater strength of contraction of a given motor unit.

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65
Q

Recruitment

A

The process of increasing the number of activated motor units to produce a stronger muscle contraction.

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66
Q

Muscle tone

A

A state of slight contraction in relaxed muscles, keeping them firm, healthy, and ready to respond to stimulation.

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67
Q

Isometric contraction

A

A type of muscle contraction where muscle tension increases but the muscle does not change length.

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68
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

A type of muscle contraction where the muscle changes length while the tension remains constant.

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69
Q

Direct phosphorylation

A

A pathway where creatine phosphate donates a phosphate to ADP to form ATP, catalyzed by creatine kinase.

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70
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

A process that breaks down glucose to lactic acid, producing ATP without the use of oxygen.

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71
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

A process that uses oxygen to break down glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids to produce ATP, carbon dioxide, and water.

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72
Q

EPOC (Excess Postexercise Oxygen Consumption)

A

The extra amount of oxygen that the body must take in for restorative processes after exercise.

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73
Q

Creatine kinase

A

The enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from creatine phosphate to ADP to form ATP.

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74
Q

Temporal summation

A

The process where muscle contractions are summed due to frequent stimulation.

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75
Q

Hypertrophy

A

The increase in muscle cell size due to regular resistance exercise.

76
Q

Length-tension relationship

A

The relationship between the length of a muscle and the tension it can produce during an isometric contraction.

77
Q

Slow oxidative fibers

A

Muscle fibers that contract slowly, rely on aerobic metabolism, and are fatigue-resistant.

78
Q

Fast glycolytic fibers

A

Muscle fibers that contract quickly, rely on anaerobic glycolysis, and fatigue rapidly.

79
Q

Fast oxidative fibers

A

Muscle fibers that contract quickly, rely on both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, and have intermediate fatigue resistance.

80
Q

Aerobic (Endurance) Exercise

A

Exercise such as swimming, running, fast walking, and biking that increases capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin in muscle fibers, enhancing endurance, strength, and resistance to fatigue.

81
Q

Resistance Exercise

A

High-intensity exercise such as weight lifting that leads to muscle hypertrophy by increasing the size of individual muscle fibers and enhancing muscle strength.

82
Q

Disuse Atrophy

A

The degeneration and loss of muscle mass due to inactivity, immobilization, or loss of neural stimulation.

83
Q

Unitary Smooth Muscle

A

Smooth muscle found in the walls of hollow organs, characterized by rhythmic spontaneous action potentials and electrical coupling by gap junctions

84
Q

Multi Unit Smooth Muscle

A

Smooth muscle found in large airways, large arteries, arrector pili muscles, and internal eye muscles, characterized by structurally independent fibers and absence of gap junctions

85
Q

Calmodulin

A

A cytoplasmic calcium-binding protein that activates myosin light chain kinase in smooth muscle

86
Q

Varicosities

A

Bulbous swellings of autonomic nerve fibers that release neurotransmitters in the general area of smooth muscle cells

87
Q

Myoblast

A

Embryonic cells that develop into muscle tissue.

88
Q

Myotube

A

A structure formed by the fusion of several myoblasts, which matures into a skeletal muscle fiber.

89
Q

Satellite cell

A

Myoblast-like cells associated with skeletal muscle that help repair injured fibers.

90
Q

Sarcopenia

A

The gradual loss of muscle mass that begins around age 30.

91
Q

Intermittent claudication

A

A condition that restricts blood delivery to the legs, causing pain during walking.

92
Q

What are anabolic steroids?

A

Variants of the male sex hormone testosterone used to enhance performance.

93
Q

When were anabolic steroids introduced and for what initial purposes?

A

In the 1950s to treat anemia, certain muscle-wasting diseases, and to prevent muscle atrophy after surgery.

94
Q

What physical changes does testosterone cause during puberty in males?

A

Increase in muscle and bone mass.

95
Q

Which famous athletes have been revealed to use anabolic steroids?

A

Barry Bonds, Mark McGwire, Marion Jones, and Lance Armstrong.

96
Q

What are some of the claimed benefits of anabolic steroids for athletes?

A

Enhanced muscle mass and strength, and increased oxygen-carrying capability due to a greater volume of red blood cells.

97
Q

What are some of the physical side effects of anabolic steroid use?

A

Bloated faces, acne, hair loss, shriveled testes, infertility, liver damage, and changes in blood cholesterol levels.

98
Q

What are some of the psychiatric hazards of anabolic steroid use?

A

Depression, delusions, manic behavior, and ‘roid rage’.

99
Q

Roid rage

A

Extreme violent behavior and personality swings caused by anabolic steroid use.

100
Q

Cushingoid sign

A

A symptom of steroid excess characterized by a bloated face.

101
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Drugs that are variants of the male sex hormone testosterone, used to enhance athletic performance.

102
Q

Which hormone promotes increased skeletal muscle?

A

Testicular androgen.

103
Q

Cardiac hypertrophy

A

An increase in the size of the heart’s muscle cells, often due to exercise.

104
Q

Gastrointestinal motility

A

The movement of the digestive system’s muscles that aids in the digestion and passage of food.

105
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

106
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is striated and controlled involuntarily?

A

Cardiac muscle.

107
Q

What are the special functional characteristics of muscle tissue?

A

Excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity.

108
Q

From what embryonic cells does muscle tissue develop?

A

Myoblasts.

109
Q

What is the role of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in muscle fibers?

A

To release and sequester calcium ions.

110
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

One motor neuron and all the muscle cells it innervates.

111
Q

What is the energy source for muscle contraction?

A

ATP.

112
Q

What are the three types of muscle fibers?

A

Fast glycolytic (fatigable), slow oxidative (fatigue-resistant), and fast oxidative (fatigue-resistant) fibers.

113
Q

What happens to skeletal muscles during regular aerobic exercise?

A

They increase in efficiency, endurance, strength, and resistance to fatigue.

114
Q

What is the main difference between smooth and skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Smooth muscle fibers are nonstriated and involuntary, while skeletal muscle fibers are striated and voluntary.

115
Q

Myofibrils

A

Contractile elements in muscle fibers that occupy most of the cell volume and have a banded appearance due to the arrangement of myofilaments.

116
Q

T tubules

A

Invaginations of the sarcolemma that allow electrical stimuli to be delivered quickly deep into the muscle cell.

117
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling

A

The process by which an action potential in the sarcolemma leads to the release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, triggering muscle contraction.

118
Q

Motor unit recruitment

A

The process of activating more motor units to increase muscle strength.

119
Q

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A

The amount of oxygen required to restore muscle cells to their resting state after exercise.

120
Q

What is nemaline myopathy?

A

A muscle disorder caused by mutations in one of 11 different genes related to thin filaments, leading to muscle weakness.

121
Q

What is the primary diagnostic method for nemaline myopathy?

A

Muscle biopsy.

122
Q

What are the characteristic symptoms of nemaline myopathy in children?

A

Symptoms can include waddling walk, difficulty standing, problems swallowing, pneumonia, progressive weakness, and foot drop.

123
Q

Actin

A

A protein that forms thin filaments in muscle cells and is essential for muscle contraction.

124
Q

What consequences would you expect from an abnormality in actin?

A

Muscle weakness and impaired muscle contraction.

125
Q

Troponin

A

A protein that binds to calcium and helps regulate muscle contraction by moving tropomyosin off the myosin-binding sites on actin filaments.

126
Q

How could abnormal troponin cause muscle weakness?

A

It could impair the regulation of muscle contraction, leading to reduced muscle strength.

127
Q

What is the role of calcium in skeletal muscle contraction?

A

Calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to troponin to initiate muscle contraction.

128
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

An organelle in muscle cells that stores and releases calcium to trigger muscle contraction.

129
Q

What might happen if a child with malignant hyperthermia is given the wrong anesthetic?

A

Continuous cross bridge cycling causes the muscle to contract too much, leading to a life-threatening reaction.

130
Q

How can resistance training benefit children with nemaline myopathy?

A

It can strengthen their respiratory muscles, improving their breathing and overall muscle function.

131
Q

Myoglobin

A

Oxygen-binding pigment in muscle.

132
Q

Androgen

A

A hormone such as testosterone that controls male secondary sex characteristics.

133
Q

Lactic acid

A

Product of anaerobic metabolism, especially in muscle.

134
Q

Excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC)

A

The volume of oxygen required after exercise to replenish stores of O2, ATP, creatine phosphate, and glycogen and oxidize the lactic acid formed during exercise. Also called oxygen debt.

135
Q

Sarcolemma

A

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber.

136
Q

Actin

A

A cytoskeletal element; a contractile protein of muscle.

137
Q

Muscle tone

A

Low levels of contractile activity in relaxed muscle; keeps the muscle healthy and ready to act.

138
Q

Perimysium

A

Connective tissue that bundles muscle fibers into fascicles.

139
Q

Aerobic

A

Oxygen-requiring.

140
Q

Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling

A

Sequence of events by which transmission of an action potential along the sarcolemma leads to the sliding of myofilaments.

141
Q

Graded muscle contractions

A

Variations in the degree of muscle contraction by changing either the frequency or strength of the stimulus.

142
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber.

143
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

A group of inherited muscle-destroying diseases.

144
Q

Motor end plate

A

Neuromuscular Junction - Region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell.

145
Q

Myoblasts

A

Embryonic mesoderm cells from which all muscle fibers develop.

146
Q

Anaerobic threshold

A

The point at which muscle metabolism converts to anaerobic glycolysis.

147
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Muscle composed of cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations; the muscle(s) attached to the body’s skeleton; voluntary muscle.

148
Q

Tendon

A

Cord of dense regular connective tissue attaching muscle to bone.

149
Q

Myosin

A

One of the principal contractile proteins found in muscle.

150
Q

Contraction

A

To shorten or develop tension, an ability highly developed in muscle cells.

151
Q

Myofilaments

A

Filament that constitutes myofibrils. Of two types: actin and myosin.

152
Q

Summation

A

Accumulation of effects, especially those of muscular, sensory, or mental stimuli.

153
Q

Contractility

A

Muscle cell′s ability to move by shortening.

154
Q

Axon terminal

A

The bulbous distal endings of the terminal branches of an axon where neurotransmitters are released.

155
Q

Tetanus

A

(1) A smooth, sustained muscle contraction resulting from high-frequency stimulation; (2) an infectious disease caused by an anaerobic bacterium.

156
Q

Myogram

A

A graphic recording of mechanical contractile activity produced by an apparatus that measures muscle contraction.

157
Q

Threshold stimulus

A

Weakest stimulus capable of producing a response in an excitable tissue.

158
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A

Region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell; aka motor end plate.

159
Q

Epimysium

A

Sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a muscle.

160
Q

Muscle tension

A

The force exerted by a contracting muscle on some object.

161
Q

Excitability

A

Ability to respond to stimuli.

162
Q

Visceral muscle

A

Type of smooth muscle; its cells are electrically coupled by gap junctions, and so they rhythmically contract as a unit. They often exhibit spontaneous action potentials. Also called unitary smooth muscle.

163
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

Specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cells.

164
Q

Motor unit

A

A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates.

165
Q

Aerobic endurance

A

The length of time a muscle can continue to contract using aerobic pathways.

166
Q

Isometric contraction

A

Contraction in which the muscle does not shorten (the load is too heavy) but its internal tension increases.

167
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Small membranous sacs containing neurotransmitter.

168
Q

Creatine kinase

A

Enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP, forming creatine and ATP; helps power muscle contraction.

169
Q

Creatine phosphate (CP)

A

Compound that serves as an alternative energy source for muscle tissue.

170
Q

Sarcomere

A

The smallest contractile unit of muscle; extends from one Z disc to the next.

171
Q

Varicosities

A

Knoblike swellings of certain autonomic axons containing mitochondria and synaptic vesicles.

172
Q

Hernia

A

Abnormal protrusion of an organ or a body part through the containing wall of its cavity.

173
Q

Fascicles

A

Bundle of nerve or muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue.

174
Q

Myofibrils

A

Rodlike bundle of contractile filaments (myofilaments) found in muscle fibers (cells).

175
Q

Latent period

A

Period of time between stimulation and the onset of a response (such as muscle contraction).

176
Q

T tubule

A

Extension of the muscle cell plasma membrane (sarcolemma) that protrudes deeply into the muscle cell.

177
Q

Glycolysis

A

Breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid—an anaerobic process.

178
Q

Responsiveness

A

Ability to respond to stimuli.

179
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

Contraction in which muscle tension remains constant at a given load, and the muscle shortens.

180
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Respiration in which oxygen is consumed and glucose is broken down entirely; water, carbon dioxide, and large amounts of ATP are the final products.

181
Q

Endomysium

A

Thin connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell.

182
Q

Muscle twitch

A

The response of a muscle to a single brief threshold stimulus.

183
Q

Anaerobic

A

Not requiring oxygen

184
Q

Muscle fibers

A

A muscle cell.

185
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Fibrous or membranous sheet connecting a muscle and the part it moves.

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Marieb) (10 decks)

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