Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Marieb) > Ch. 2 Chemistry Comes Alive > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Chemistry Comes Alive Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four elements that form the bulk of body matter?

A

Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the definition of an atom?

A

The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?

A

Covalent bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the three major types of chemical reactions?

A

Synthesis, decomposition, and exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How are large organic compounds made and broken down?

A

Made by dehydration synthesis and broken down by hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

A

Provide an easily used energy source

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of ATP in cell metabolism?

A

Transfers energy to other compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three types of chemical bonds?

A

Ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the main function of ATP in the cell?

A

Transferring energy to other compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars (monosaccharides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the role of enzymes in the body?

A

They act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA stores genetic information, while RNA helps in transmitting and expressing it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Matter

A

The substance of which the universe is composed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work or put matter into motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Atom

A

The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Isotope

A

Variants of a particular chemical element that differ in neutron number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Radioisotope

A

An isotope that has an unstable nucleus and emits radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

A chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What state of matter has a definite shape and volume?

A

Solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the main difference between mass and weight?

A

Mass remains constant while weight varies with gravity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is energy defined as?

A

The capacity to do work or to put matter into motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of energy is stored and has the potential to do work?

A

Potential energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What type of energy is involved in moving matter?

A

Mechanical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What form of energy is stored in the bonds of chemical substances?

A

Chemical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the most useful form of energy in living systems?

A

Chemical energy in the form of ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of energy results from the movement of charged particles?

A

Electrical energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of energy travels in waves and includes visible light?

A

Radiant energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the three states of matter?

A

Solid, liquid, and gas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy in action.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Stored energy that has the potential to do work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy in action.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Potential Energy

A

Stored energy that has the potential to do work.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the four elements that form the bulk of body matter?

A

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the definition of a chemical element?

A

A unique substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Which subatomic particle has a positive charge?

A

Proton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the atomic number of an element?

A

The number of protons in its nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the mass number of an atom?

A

The sum of the masses of its protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is an isotope?

A

A structural variation of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the primary function of oxygen in the human body?

A

Needed for the production of cellular energy (ATP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the role of calcium in the human body?

A

Required for muscle contraction, conduction of nerve impulses, and blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

Neutral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the term for the process of atomic decay in radioisotopes?

A

Radioactivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Chemical element

A

A unique substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Proton

A

A subatomic particle with a positive charge found in the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Neutron

A

A subatomic particle with no charge found in the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Electron

A

A subatomic particle with a negative charge that orbits the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Atomic mass

A

The sum of the masses of an atom’s protons and neutrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the most abundant element in the human body by mass?

A

Oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the primary function of potassium in the body?

A

Necessary for conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Which of the following is an example of a compound?

A

Water (H2O)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What type of mixture is blood?

A

Suspension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is a characteristic of a solution?

A

The solute particles are very tiny and do not settle out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Which of the following is a homogeneous mixture?

A

Air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the main characteristic of colloids?

A

They scatter light and do not settle out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is the concentration unit commonly used to measure blood glucose levels?

A

Milligrams per deciliter (mg/dl)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is Avogadro’s number?

A

6.02 × 10^23

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is a sol-gel transformation?

A

The reversible change from a fluid (sol) state to a solid (gel) state in colloids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A combination of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is the difference between a compound and a mixture?

A

Compounds are chemically pure substances with identical molecules, while mixtures are physically intermixed substances without chemical bonding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What is a solution?

A

A homogeneous mixture where the solute particles are very tiny and do not settle out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is a colloid?

A

A heterogeneous mixture with solute particles larger than those in a solution, which do not settle out but scatter light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A heterogeneous mixture with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

How can you distinguish a mixture from a compound?

A

Mixtures can be separated by physical means and do not involve chemical bonding, whereas compounds can only be separated by chemical means.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Solvent

A

The substance present in the greatest amount in a solution, usually a liquid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Solute

A

A substance present in smaller amounts in a solution, dissolved in the solvent.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Molarity

A

A measure of concentration, defined as moles of solute per liter of solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Avogadro’s number

A

The number of particles in one mole of a substance, equal to 6.02 × 10^23.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What is the primary role of electrons in chemical bonding?

A

To achieve stability by filling the outermost energy level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

According to the octet rule, how many electrons do atoms tend to have in their valence shell to be stable?

A

8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Which type of chemical bond involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms?

A

Covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

What is the main characteristic of ionic bonds?

A

Attraction between two oppositely charged ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Which type of bond is the weakest among the three major types of chemical bonds?

A

Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What type of bond forms between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule?

A

Hydrogen bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is the result when electrons are shared equally between atoms in a molecule?

A

Nonpolar molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Which bond type involves the complete transfer of electrons from one atom to another?

A

Ionic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is the term for an atom’s outermost energy level that contains the chemically reactive electrons?

A

Valence shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Electronegativity

A

The ability of an atom to attract electrons strongly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Electropositive

A

Atoms with low electron-attracting ability, usually losing their valence electrons to other atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What is a polar molecule?

A

A molecule with unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in a slight charge difference across the molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What is a nonpolar molecule?

A

A molecule with equal sharing of electrons, resulting in no charge difference across the molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is an example of an ionic bond?

A

The formation of sodium chloride (NaCl) from sodium and chlorine atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is an example of a covalent bond?

A

The formation of a methane molecule (CH4) from carbon and hydrogen atoms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is an example of a hydrogen bond?

A

The attraction between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and the hydrogen atom of another water molecule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What type of reaction involves the formation of a larger, more complex molecule from smaller molecules?

A

Synthesis reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What type of reaction involves breaking down a molecule into smaller molecules or constituent atoms?

A

Decomposition reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What type of reaction involves both synthesis and decomposition, where parts of the reactant molecules change partners?

A

Exchange reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What is another name for exchange reactions?

A

Displacement reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What type of reaction is characterized by the transfer of electrons between reactants?

A

Oxidation-reduction reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

In a redox reaction, what is the reactant called that loses electrons?

A

Electron donor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

In a redox reaction, what is the reactant called that gains electrons?

A

Electron acceptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

What is the main reason why many chemical reactions in the body are irreversible?

A

Energy released in the reaction is used up and products are removed from the reaction site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Which factor does NOT affect the rate of chemical reactions?

A

Color of reactants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

What are biological catalysts called?

A

Enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

What happens to the reactant losing electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A

It is oxidized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

What factor increases the rate of chemical reactions by increasing the kinetic energy of particles?

A

Higher temperatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Oxidation

A

The process where a reactant loses electrons in a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Reduction

A

The process where a reactant gains electrons in a chemical reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

What is the study of the chemical composition and reactions of living matter called?

A

Biochemistry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

What type of compounds contain carbon and are made by living things?

A

Organic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

Which of the following is NOT considered an organic compound?

A

Water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

Which of the following is generally defined as lacking carbon?

A

Inorganic compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Which of the following compounds contains carbon but is considered inorganic?

A

Carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

What are the two major classes of chemicals in the body?

A

Organic and inorganic compounds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Compounds that generally lack carbon, including water, salts, and many acids and bases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Why are carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide considered exceptions among inorganic compounds?

A

Because they contain carbon but are still classified as inorganic compounds.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Are organic or inorganic compounds more essential for life?

A

Both are equally essential for life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

What happens when water evaporates from the skin during sweating?

A

Large amounts of heat are removed from the body, providing efficient cooling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

Hydration layers

A

Layers of water molecules that form around large charged molecules, shielding them from other charged substances.

112
Q

What role does water play in the body’s transport system?

A

Water acts as a solvent, dissolving nutrients, gases, and wastes for transport.

113
Q

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form?

A

Four

114
Q

Which type of biological molecule is typically formed by dehydration synthesis?

A

Polymers

115
Q

What are the small, reactive parts of organic molecules called?

A

Functional groups

116
Q

Which element is uniquely suited to form long chainlike molecules and ring structures in biological systems?

A

Carbon

117
Q

What is released each time a monomer is added to a growing polymer chain during dehydration synthesis?

A

A water molecule

118
Q

What is the result of adding a water molecule to each bond during hydrolysis?

A

Breaking the bonds and releasing monomers

119
Q

Which element is central to organic molecules due to its ability to form four covalent bonds?

A

Carbon

120
Q

What type of molecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids?

A

Organic molecules

121
Q

Monomer

A

A small molecule that can join with others to form a polymer.

122
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule made up of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

123
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

124
Q

What is the general formula for a monosaccharide?

A

(CH2O)n

125
Q

Which of the following is a hexose sugar?

A

Glucose

126
Q

What is the molecular formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

127
Q

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

A

Sucrose

128
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

A

To provide a ready, easily used source of cellular fuel

129
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A polysaccharide consisting of a polymer of glucose molecules

130
Q

Where is glycogen primarily stored in the body?

A

Skeletal muscle and liver cells

131
Q

What process breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides?

A

Hydrolysis

132
Q

Which polysaccharide is the storage carbohydrate in plants?

A

Starch

133
Q

What type of carbohydrate is glucose classified as?

A

Monosaccharide

134
Q

What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide?

A

A monosaccharide is a single sugar molecule, while a disaccharide is composed of two monosaccharides joined together.

135
Q

What are the two main polysaccharides important to the body?

A

Starch and glycogen

136
Q

What are the building blocks of triglycerides?

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

137
Q

Which type of lipid is the major form of stored energy in the body?

A

Triglycerides

138
Q

What is the primary function of phospholipids in the body?

A

Chief components of cell membranes

139
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the body?

A

Component of cell membranes and starting molecule for synthesis of all body steroids

140
Q

Which type of lipid is involved in regulating blood pressure and promoting inflammation?

A

Eicosanoids

141
Q

What is the role of bile salts in the digestive tract?

A

Help with fat digestion and absorption

142
Q

What makes phospholipids ideally suited for building cellular membranes?

A

They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends

143
Q

What type of lipid is Vitamin D classified as?

A

Steroid

144
Q

Which type of lipid is known for being a powerful vasoconstrictor?

A

Thromboxanes

145
Q

Which lipid type includes estrogens and testosterone?

A

Sex hormones

146
Q

What is the primary function of triglycerides in the body?

A

They provide stored energy and insulate body organs.

147
Q

Which type of lipid is formed from interlocking hydrocarbon rings?

A

Steroids

148
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids based on the presence of double bonds?

A

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

149
Q

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

150
Q

Where is DNA typically found in the cell?

A

Nucleus

151
Q

Which sugar is found in RNA?

A

Ribose

152
Q

Which base is found in RNA but not in DNA?

A

Uracil

153
Q

What is the structure of DNA?

A

Double strand coiled into a double helix

154
Q

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides

155
Q

Which of the following bases pair together in DNA?

A

Adenine and Thymine

156
Q

What is the major function of RNA?

A

Carries out the genetic instructions for protein synthesis

157
Q

What is the sugar found in DNA?

A

Deoxyribose

158
Q

What type of bond holds the two strands of DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

159
Q

What protects cells from excessive energy release during ATP hydrolysis?

A

The amount of energy released corresponds closely to that needed to drive most biochemical reactions

160
Q

What happens to ADP when it loses its terminal phosphate group?

A

It becomes adenosine monophosphate (AMP).

161
Q

What type of radiation causes atoms to ionize?

A

Ionizing radiation

162
Q

Which cells are most affected by radiation sickness?

A

Rapidly dividing cells

163
Q

What is acidosis?

A

A condition of acidity or low pH (below 7.35) of the blood; high hydrogen ion concentration.

164
Q

What is alkalosis?

A

A condition of basicity or high pH (above 7.45) of the blood; low hydrogen ion concentration.

165
Q

What are heavy metals?

A

Metals with toxic effects on the body, including arsenic, mercury, and lead. Iron is also toxic in high concentrations.

166
Q

What is ionizing radiation?

A

Radiation that causes atoms to ionize; for example, gamma rays and X rays.

167
Q

What is radiation sickness?

A

Disease resulting from exposure of the body to radioactivity; rapidly dividing cells are most affected—for example, blood-forming cells and the cells lining the digestive tract.

168
Q

Chemical bonds

A

An energy relationship holding atoms together; involves the interaction of electrons.

169
Q

Sol-gel transformations

A

Reversible change of a colloid from a fluid (sol) to a more solid (gel) state.

170
Q

Inorganic compounds

A

Chemical substances that do not contain carbon, including water, salts, and many acids and bases.

171
Q

Adenine (ad′ĕ-nēn)

A

One of the two major purines found in both RNA and DNA; also found in various free nucleotides of importance to the body, such as ATP.

172
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

Chemical reaction that absorbs energy, e.g., an anabolic reaction.

173
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in an atom.

174
Q

Acidosis (as″ĭ-do′sis)

A

State of abnormally high hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid.

175
Q

Active sites

A

Region on the surface of a functional (globular) protein where it binds and interacts chemically with other molecules of complementary shape and charge.

176
Q

Rule of eights (ok-tet′)

A

The tendency of atoms to interact in such a way that they have eight electrons in their valence shell.

177
Q

Alpha (α)-helix

A

The most common type of secondary structure of the amino acid chain in proteins; resembles a coiled spring.

178
Q

Energy

A

The capacity to do work; may be stored (potential energy) or in action (kinetic energy).

179
Q

Mechanical energy

A

The energy directly involved in moving matter; e.g., in bicycle riding, the legs provide the mechanical energy that moves the pedals.

180
Q

Nucleus (nu′kle-is)

A

(1) Control center of a cell; contains genetic material; (2) clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS; (3) center of an atom; contains protons and neutrons.

181
Q

Covalent bond (ko-va′lent)

A

Chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms.

182
Q

Uracil (u′rah-sil)

A

A smaller, single-ring base (a pyrimidine) found in RNA.

183
Q

Nonpolar molecules

A

Electrically symmetrical molecules.

184
Q

Structural proteins

A

Consist of extended, strandlike polypeptide chains forming a strong, ropelike structure that is linear, insoluble in water, and very stable; e.g., collagen.

185
Q

Decomposition reaction

A

Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms.

186
Q

Dipole (polar molecule)

A

Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms.

187
Q

Avogadro’s number (av ″ o-gad′rōz)

A

The number of molecules in one mole of any substance, 6.02 × 1023.

188
Q

Hydrophilic (hi″dro-fil′ik)

A

Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact with water and charged particles.

189
Q

Protein (pro′tēn)

A

Organic compound composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen; types include enzymes, structural components; 10–30% of cell mass.

190
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large, complex molecules containing from 100 to over 10,000 subunits.

191
Q

Double helix

A

The secondary structure assumed by two strands of DNA, held together throughout their length by hydrogen bonds between bases on opposite strands.

192
Q

Energy level

A

Regions of space that consecutively surround the nucleus of an atom; the atom’s electrons are most likely to be found in these regions.

193
Q

Solutes (sol′yoot)

A

The substance that is dissolved in a solution.

194
Q

Radioactivity

A

The process of spontaneous decay seen in some of the heavier isotopes, during which particles or energy is emitted from the atomic nucleus; results in the atom becoming more stable.

195
Q

Fatty acids

A

Linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one end. A constituent of fat.

196
Q

Bicarbonate buffer system

A

Chemical system that helps maintain pH homeostasis of the blood. Also called carbonic acid–bicarbonate buffer system.

197
Q

Kinetic energy (ki-net′ik)

A

The energy of motion or movement, e.g., the constant movement of atoms, or the push given to a swinging door that sets it into motion.

198
Q

Molarity (mo-lar′ĭ-te)

A

A way to express the concentration of a solution; moles per liter of solution.

199
Q

Coenzyme (ko-en′zīm)

A

Nonprotein substance associated with and activating an enzyme; typically a vitamin.

200
Q

Displacement, reactions

A

Chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken; atoms are combined with different atoms.

201
Q

Disaccharide (di-sak′ah-rīd, di-sak′ah-rid)

A

Literally, double sugar; e.g., sucrose, lactose.

202
Q

Mass number

A

Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

203
Q

Ammonia (NH3)

A

Common waste product of protein breakdown in the body; a colorless volatile gas, very soluble in water and capable of acting as a weak base; a proton acceptor.

204
Q

Valence shell (va′lens)

A

Outermost electron shell (energy level) of an atom that contains electrons.

205
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged subatomic particle; orbits the atom’s nucleus.

206
Q

Hydrogen ions

A

A hydrogen atom minus its electron and therefore carrying a positive charge (i.e., a proton).

207
Q

Atomic symbol

A

The one- or two-letter symbol used to indicate an element; usually the first letter(s) of the element’s name.

208
Q

Neutralization reaction

A

Displacement reaction in which mixing an acid and a base forms water and a salt.

209
Q

Electron shells (energy levels)

A

Regions of space that consecutively surround the nucleus of an atom; the atom’s electrons are most likely to be found in these regions.

210
Q

Glycogen (gli′ko-jin)

A

Main carbohydrate stored in animal cells; a polysaccharide.

211
Q

Peptide bond (pep′tīd)

A

Bond joining the amine group of one amino acid to the acid carboxyl group of a second amino acid with the loss of a water molecule.

212
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

Weak bond in which a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between two electron-hungry atoms. An important intramolecular bond.

213
Q

Cofactor

A

Metal ion or organic molecule that is required for enzyme activity.

214
Q

Elements

A

One of a limited number of unique varieties of matter that composes substances of all kinds; e.g., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.

215
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

Chemical reaction that releases energy, e.g., a catabolic or oxidative reaction.

216
Q

Synthesis

A

A chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones.

217
Q

Catalysts (kat′ah-list)

A

Substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself becoming chemically changed or part of the product.

218
Q

Polymers

A

A substance of high molecular weight with long, chainlike molecules consisting of many similar (repeated) units.

219
Q

Cytosine (si′to-sēn)

A

Nitrogen-containing base that is part of a nucleotide structure.

220
Q

Chemical equilibrium

A

A state of apparent repose created by two reactions proceeding in opposite directions at equal speed.

221
Q

Nucleic acids (nu-kle′ik)

A

Class of organic molecules that includes DNA and RNA.

222
Q

Glycerol (glis′er-ol)

A

A modified simple sugar (a sugar alcohol); a building block of fats.

223
Q

Octet rule (ok-tet′)

A

The tendency of atoms to interact in such a way that they have eight electrons in their valence shell.

224
Q

Electrical energy

A

Energy formed by the movement of charged particles, e.g., across or along cell membranes.

225
Q

Apoenzyme (ap′ō-en-zīm)

A

The protein portion of an enzyme.

226
Q

Isotopes (i′so-tōps)

A

Different atomic forms of the same element, which vary only in the number of neutrons they contain; the heavier species tend to be radioactive.

227
Q

Carbohydrates (kar″bo-hi′drāt)

A

Organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; includes starches, sugars, cellulose.

228
Q

Amino acids (ah-me′no)

A

Organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; building block of protein.

229
Q

Activation energy

A

The amount of energy required to push a reactant to the level necessary for action.

230
Q

Hydrophobic (hi″dro-fo′bik)

A

Refers to molecules, or portions of molecules, that interact only with nonpolar molecules.

231
Q

Proton acceptors

A

A substance that takes up hydrogen ions in detectable amounts. Commonly referred to as a base.

232
Q

Polysaccharides (pol″e-sak′ah-rīd)

A

Literally, many sugars, a polymer of linked monosaccharides; e.g., starch, glycogen.

233
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

Emitted photons (wave packets) of energy, e.g., light, X ray, infrared.

234
Q

Buffers

A

Chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions.

235
Q

Cation (kat′i-on)

A

An ion with a positive charge.

236
Q

Acids

A

A substance that releases hydrogen ions when in solution (compare with Base); a proton donor.

237
Q

Mole (mōl)

A

A mole of any element or compound is equal to its atomic weight or its molecular weight (sum of atomic weights) measured in grams.

238
Q

Exchange

A

Chemical reaction in which bonds are both made and broken; atoms are combined with different atoms.

239
Q

Ionic bond (ī-ah′nik)

A

Chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms.

240
Q

Monosaccharides (mon″o-sak′ah-rīd)

A

Literally, one sugar; building block of carbohydrates; e.g., glucose.

241
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

Process by which a large molecule is synthesized by removing water and covalently bonding smaller molecules together.

242
Q

Chemical reaction

A

Process in which molecules are formed, changed, or broken down.

243
Q

Atomic weight

A

The average of the mass numbers of all the isotopes of an element.

244
Q

Reactants

A

A substance that is an input to a chemical reaction.

245
Q

Organic compounds

A

Any compound composed of atoms (some of which are carbon) held together by covalent (shared electron) bonds. Examples are proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.

246
Q

Polypeptide (pol″e-pep′tīd)

A

A chain of amino acids.

247
Q

Molecule

A

Particle consisting of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds.

248
Q

Thymine (thi′mēn)

A

Single-ring base (a pyrimidine) in DNA.

249
Q

Enzymes (en′zīm)

A

A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a chemical reaction.

250
Q

Substrate

A

A reactant on which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical action to proceed.

251
Q

Lipids (lĭ′pid)

A

Hydrophobic organic compound formed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; examples are fats and cholesterol.

252
Q

Compound

A

Substance composed of two or more different elements, the atoms of which are chemically united.

253
Q

Neutrons (nu′tron)

A

Uncharged subatomic particle; found in the atomic nucleus.

254
Q

Suspensions

A

Heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out.

255
Q

Electrolytes (e-lek′tro-līt)

A

Chemical substances, such as salts, acids, and bases, that ionize and dissociate in water and are capable of conducting an electrical current.

256
Q

Complementary bases

A

Refers to how a given nitrogenous base of DNA or RNA bonds to another nitrogenous base. For example, adenine (A) is the complementary base of thymine (T). The result is base pairing.

257
Q

Proton donors

A

A substance that releases hydrogen ions in detectable amounts; an acid.

258
Q

Isomers (ī′so-mer)

A

One of two or more substances that has the same molecular formula but with its atoms arranged differently.

259
Q

Combination, reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which larger, more complex atoms or molecules are formed from simpler ones.

260
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) (ri′bo-nu-kle′ik)

A

Nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases A, G, C, and U. Carries out DNA’s instructions for protein synthesis.

261
Q

Triglycerides (tri-glis′er-īdz)

A

Fats and oils composed of fatty acids and glycerol; are the body’s most concentrated source of energy fuel.

262
Q

Colloids (kol′oid)

A

(1) A mixture in which the solute particles (usually proteins) do not settle out readily. (2) Substance in the thyroid gland containing thyroglobulin protein.

263
Q

Polar molecules

A

Electrically asymmetric molecules.

264
Q

Chemical energy

A

Energy stored in the bonds of chemical substances.

265
Q

Atoms

A

Smallest particle of an elemental substance that exhibits the properties of that element; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

266
Q

Phospholipids (fos″fo-lip′id)

A

Modified lipid, contains phosphorus.

267
Q

Radioisotopes (ra″de-o-i′so-tōp)

A

Isotope that exhibits radioactive behavior.

268
Q

Anion (an′i-on)

A

An ion with a negative charge.

269
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (ah-den′o-sēn tri″fos′fāt)

A

Organic molecule that stores and releases chemical energy for use in body cells.

270
Q

Steroids (stĕ′roidz)

A

A class of lipids derived from (and including) cholesterol; act as hormones and as constituents of phospholipid bilayer membranes.

271
Q

Hydrolysis (hi″drah′lă-sis)

A

Process in which water is used to split a substance into smaller parts.

272
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored or inactive energy.

273
Q

PH units (pe-āch)

A

The measure of the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

274
Q

Hydroxyl ions (hi-drok′sil)

A

An ion liberated when a hydroxide (a common inorganic base) is dissolved in water.

275
Q

Alkalosis (al″kah-lo′sis)

A

State of abnormally low hydrogen ion concentration in the extracellular fluid.

276
Q

Guanine (gwah′nēn)

A

One of two major purines occurring in all nucleic acids.

277
Q

Kinetic energy (ki-net′ik)

A

The energy of motion or movement, e.g., the constant movement of atoms, or the push given to a swinging door that sets it into motion.

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Marieb) (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions