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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Marieb) > Ch. 4 Tissues: The Living Fabric > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Tissues: The Living Fabric Flashcards

1
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common or related function

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2
Q

Which tissue type covers body surfaces and lines cavities?

A

Epithelial tissue

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3
Q

What is the primary function of connective tissue?

A

Supports, protects, and binds other tissues together

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4
Q

What is the role of nervous tissue?

A

Provides internal communication throughout the body

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5
Q

Which tissue type is responsible for movement?

A

Muscle tissue

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6
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found?

A

Lining of digestive tract organs, glands, and epidermis

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7
Q

What is the primary function of muscle tissue?

A

Contracts to cause movement

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8
Q

Which tissue type is found in bones, tendons, and fat?

A

Connective tissue

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9
Q

What are the four primary tissue types in the human body?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

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10
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Tissue that covers body surfaces, lines cavities, and forms glands.

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11
Q

Where is nervous tissue found in the body?

A

In the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

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12
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.

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13
Q

What is the role of epithelial tissue in the lining of digestive tract organs?

A

To protect, secrete, absorb, and/or filter.

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14
Q

What does the term ‘tissu’ mean?

A

Woven.

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15
Q

What is the first step in preparing animal tissue for microscopic viewing?

A

Fixing (preserving) the tissue

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16
Q

Why is staining important in light microscopy?

A

To enhance contrast between structures

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17
Q

What type of stains are used in light microscopy?

A

Colored synthetic dyes

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18
Q

What type of microscopy uses heavy metal salts for staining?

A

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

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19
Q

What is the purpose of using heavy metal salts in TEM?

A

To provide contrast by deflecting electrons

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20
Q

Which type of microscopy provides three-dimensional images of unsectioned tissue surfaces?

A

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

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21
Q

Why are electron-microscope images in shades of gray?

A

Because color is a property of light, not electron waves

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22
Q

What are artifacts in the context of microscopy?

A

Minor distortions introduced by tissue preparation procedures

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23
Q

What are the steps involved in preparing animal tissue for microscopic viewing?

A

Fixing, slicing into thin sections, and staining.

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24
Q

What type of stains are used in transmission electron microscopy (TEM)?

A

Heavy metal salts.

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25
Q

What is the main difference between transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)?

A

TEM provides two-dimensional images of thin sections, while SEM provides three-dimensional images of unsectioned tissue surfaces.

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26
Q

Fixing

A

The process of preserving tissue samples for microscopic viewing.

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27
Q

Staining

A

The process of applying dyes to tissue sections to enhance contrast between structures.

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28
Q

Artifacts

A

Minor distortions introduced to tissue samples during preparation for microscopic viewing.

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29
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

A

A type of electron microscopy that provides three-dimensional images of unsectioned tissue surfaces.

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30
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)

A

A type of electron microscopy that provides two-dimensional images of thin tissue sections stained with heavy metal salts.

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31
Q

What are the two main forms of epithelial tissue?

A

Covering and lining epithelium, Glandular epithelium

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32
Q

Which surface of epithelial tissue is exposed to the outside of the body or an internal organ cavity?

A

Apical surface

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33
Q

What structure supports epithelial tissue and helps it resist stretching and tearing?

A

Basement membrane

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34
Q

Which type of epithelial tissue is most concerned with absorption, secretion, and filtration?

A

Simple epithelia

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35
Q

What type of epithelial cells are flattened and scale-like?

A

Squamous cells

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36
Q

Which epithelial tissue type forms the outer layer of the skin?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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37
Q

What is the primary function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration

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38
Q

Which type of gland loses its ducts during development and secretes hormones?

A

Endocrine glands

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39
Q

Which type of epithelial tissue lines the urinary bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

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40
Q

What is the main function of microvilli on epithelial cells?

A

Increase surface area for absorption

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41
Q

What are the six functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception

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42
Q

Polarity in epithelial tissue

A

Characteristic where epithelial cells have an apical surface exposed to the body exterior or cavity, and a basal surface attached to underlying connective tissue

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43
Q

Basal lamina

A

A noncellular, adhesive sheet consisting of glycoproteins and collagen fibers that acts as a selective filter and scaffolding for epithelial cells

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44
Q

How are epithelial cells nourished if they are avascular?

A

By substances diffusing from blood vessels in the underlying connective tissue

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45
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

A single layer of flattened cells that allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration

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46
Q

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

In kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, and on the ovary surface

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47
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Secretion, particularly of mucus, and propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

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48
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

A thick epithelium composed of several cell layers that protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

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49
Q

What is the main function of transitional epithelium?

A

To stretch readily and permit stored urine to distend urinary organs

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50
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the extracellular space, which then enter the blood or lymphatic fluid

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51
Q

What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?

A

Exocrine glands secrete their products onto body surfaces or into body cavities, while endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the extracellular space

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52
Q

Goblet cell

A

A unicellular exocrine gland that produces mucin, which dissolves in water to form mucus

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53
Q

What are the three modes of secretion for multicellular exocrine glands?

A

Merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine

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54
Q

What are the two main characteristics that set connective tissue apart from other primary tissues?

A

Extracellular matrix and common origin from mesenchyme

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55
Q

Which type of connective tissue is avascular?

A

Cartilage

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56
Q

What is the primary function of adipose tissue?

A

Storing reserve fuel

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57
Q

Which connective tissue type contains the least abundance of collagen fibers?

A

Areolar

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58
Q

What is the main function of blood as a connective tissue?

A

Transporting substances within the body

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59
Q

Which type of connective tissue forms the fibrous tissue of ligaments?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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60
Q

What is the primary cell type found in bone tissue?

A

Osteocytes

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61
Q

Which component of connective tissue acts as a molecular sieve for nutrients and other substances?

A

Ground substance

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62
Q

What type of connective tissue is found in the walls of large arteries?

A

Elastic connective tissue

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63
Q

Which connective tissue type is known for its ability to resist both compression and tension?

A

Bone

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64
Q

What are the four main classes of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood

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65
Q

What are the three main components of connective tissue?

A

Ground substance, fibers, and cells

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66
Q

Which type of connective tissue is known for its high tensile strength due to collagen fibers?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

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67
Q

What is the role of fibroblasts in connective tissue?

A

To secrete the ground substance and fibers characteristic of their particular matrix

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68
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

A nonliving material that separates the living cells in connective tissue, allowing it to bear weight and withstand tension

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69
Q

Mesenchyme

A

An embryonic tissue from which all connective tissues arise

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70
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Cells that produce the matrix in growing cartilage

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71
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that produce the organic portion of the bone matrix

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72
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

The most abundant type of cartilage, providing firm support with some pliability

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73
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Long, thin fibers that allow connective tissue to stretch and recoil

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74
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Short, fine fibers that form delicate networks to support the soft tissue of organs

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75
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for voluntary movements?

A

Skeletal muscle

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76
Q

What is a unique structural feature of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Intercalated discs

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77
Q

Where is smooth muscle primarily found?

A

Walls of hollow organs

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78
Q

What is the main function of skeletal muscle tissue?

A

Causing body movements

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79
Q

Which muscle tissue type has cells that are spindle-shaped and contain a single central nucleus?

A

Smooth muscle

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80
Q

What type of muscle tissue is injured when you pull a muscle while exercising?

A

Skeletal muscle

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81
Q

Which characteristic is true for skeletal muscle cells?

A

Long, cylindrical cells with many nuclei

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82
Q

Which muscle tissue type is found only in the walls of the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle

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83
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

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84
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found?

A

In the walls of the heart.

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85
Q

What is the primary function of smooth muscle?

A

Propels substances or objects along internal passageways.

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86
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A

Muscle tissue attached to bones, responsible for voluntary movements, with long, cylindrical cells that are striated and multinucleated.

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87
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Muscle tissue found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood, with branching, striated cells that are generally uninucleate and connected by intercalated discs.

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88
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Muscle tissue found in the walls of hollow organs, responsible for involuntary movements, with spindle-shaped cells that lack striations and have a single central nucleus.

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89
Q

What unique junctions are found in cardiac muscle cells?

A

Intercalated discs.

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90
Q

What is the appearance of smooth muscle cells?

A

Spindle-shaped with central nuclei and no striations.

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91
Q

What is the primary function of neurons in nervous tissue?

A

Generate and conduct nerve impulses

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92
Q

Which part of the neuron is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses over long distances?

A

Axons

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93
Q

What is the role of dendrites in a neuron?

A

Respond to stimuli

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94
Q

What are neuroglia also known as?

A

Glial cells

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95
Q

Which cells in nervous tissue are nonconducting and support neurons?

A

Neuroglia

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96
Q

Where is nervous tissue primarily located in the body?

A

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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97
Q

What are the two major cell types found in nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and supporting cells (glial cells or neuroglia)

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98
Q

What are the processes called that allow neurons to respond to stimuli?

A

Dendrites

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99
Q

What are the processes called that transmit electrical impulses over long distances?

A

Axons

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100
Q

What is the function of supporting cells in nervous tissue?

A

To support, insulate, and protect neurons

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101
Q

Neurons

A

Highly specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses

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102
Q

Neuroglia (Glial cells)

A

Nonconducting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons

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103
Q

Axons

A

Long processes of neurons that transmit electrical impulses over long distances

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104
Q

Dendrites

A

Short processes of neurons that allow for response to stimuli

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105
Q

Which membrane is known as the skin and is a dry membrane?

A

Cutaneous membrane

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106
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the cutaneous membrane?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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107
Q

Which type of membrane lines body cavities that open to the outside?

A

Mucous membrane

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108
Q

What is the primary function of mucous membranes?

A

Absorption and secretion

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109
Q

Which membrane is found in closed ventral body cavities?

A

Serous membrane

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110
Q

What type of fluid is found between the visceral and parietal layers of serous membranes?

A

Serous fluid

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111
Q

Which membrane contains an abundance of the protein keratin?

A

Cutaneous membrane

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112
Q

What is the layer of areolar connective tissue found in mucous membranes called?

A

Lamina propria

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113
Q

Which serous membrane encloses the heart?

A

Pericardium

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114
Q

Which membrane is dry and exposed to air?

A

Cutaneous membrane

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115
Q

What are the two layers of serous membranes called?

A

Visceral layer and parietal layer

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116
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

A dry membrane that forms the skin, consisting of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium attached to a thick layer of connective tissue

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117
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Membranes that line body cavities open to the exterior, such as the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts, and are typically moist

118
Q

Serous membrane

A

Moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities, consisting of simple squamous epithelium resting on areolar connective tissue

119
Q

What are the two major ways tissue repair occurs?

A

Regeneration and fibrosis

120
Q

What triggers the inflammatory response during tissue repair?

A

Release of inflammatory chemicals by injured tissue cells and mast cells

121
Q

What is the role of fibroblasts during the organization stage of tissue repair?

A

Produce growth factors and collagen fibers

122
Q

What type of tissue is formed initially during wound healing?

A

Granulation tissue

123
Q

Which tissues have virtually no functional regenerative capacity?

A

Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue in the brain and spinal cord

124
Q

What happens during the inflammation stage of tissue repair?

A

Clotting seals off the injured area and prevents the spread of harmful substances

125
Q

What is the primary function of granulation tissue?

A

Restore the vascular supply

126
Q

What is the outcome of regeneration and fibrosis in tissue repair?

A

A fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue

127
Q

What is the role of macrophages during the organization stage of tissue repair?

A

Phagocytize dead and dying cells and other debris

128
Q

Which stage of tissue repair involves the formation of a scab?

A

Inflammation

129
Q

What are the three main stages of tissue repair?

A

Inflammation, organization, and regeneration

130
Q

During which stage of tissue repair does granulation tissue form?

A

Organization

131
Q

Which tissues have a high regenerative capacity?

A

Epithelial tissues, bone, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and blood-forming tissue

132
Q

Granulation tissue

A

A delicate pink tissue that contains capillaries growing in from nearby areas, forming a new capillary bed

133
Q

Fibrosis

A

The replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue, which is dense connective tissue

134
Q

Regeneration

A

The process of replacing destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue

135
Q

What is the main function of histamine released by mast cells during inflammation?

A

It makes blood vessels leaky, allowing white blood cells and clotting factors to seep into the injured area

136
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

An abnormal mass of proliferating cells

137
Q

What distinguishes malignant neoplasms from benign neoplasms?

A

Malignant neoplasms are nonencapsulated and invade surrounding tissues

138
Q

What is metastasis?

A

The capability of cancer cells to travel to other parts of the body

139
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Cancer-causing genes

140
Q

What role do tumor suppressor genes play?

A

They inhibit cell growth and division

141
Q

What is the function of the TP53 gene?

A

It codes for a protein that stops cell division in cells with damaged DNA

142
Q

What is the first sign of colorectal cancer?

A

A polyp

143
Q

Which cancers are most common in the U.S. and Canada?

A

Skin, colon, lung, breast, and prostate

144
Q

What is the purpose of screening tests in cancer detection?

A

To detect cancer early before symptoms appear

145
Q

What is a common problem with chemotherapy?

A

Cancer cells can develop resistance to the drugs

146
Q

What is a promising new approach in cancer treatment?

A

Personalized medicine based on DNA sequencing

147
Q

What is cancer immunotherapy?

A

Therapies that activate the immune system to attack cancer cells

148
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

An abnormal mass of proliferating cells resulting from excessive cell division.

149
Q

Benign neoplasm

A

A non-cancerous growth that remains localized, grows slowly, and is often encapsulated.

150
Q

Metastasis

A

The process by which cancer cells spread from the primary tumor to other parts of the body.

151
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Normal genes that code for proteins essential for cell division, growth, and cellular adhesion, which can become oncogenes when mutated.

152
Q

TP53

A

A tumor suppressor gene that codes for a protein stopping cell division in cells with damaged DNA, and can trigger apoptosis if the damage is irreparable.

153
Q

Chemotherapy

A

A cancer treatment using drugs to kill rapidly dividing cells, but can also affect normal cells, causing side effects.

154
Q

Cancer immunotherapy

A

Treatments that activate the immune system to attack and kill cancer cells, or block specific receptors on cancer cells.

155
Q

What are the three primary germ layers formed during embryonic development?

A

Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm

156
Q

Which primary germ layer is the most superficial?

A

Ectoderm

157
Q

From which germ layer does nervous tissue develop?

A

Ectoderm

158
Q

Which tissues develop mostly from the mesoderm?

A

Muscle and connective tissue

159
Q

What is the primary tissue type that develops from all three germ layers?

A

Epithelium

160
Q

By the end of which month of development have the primary tissues appeared and all major organs are in place?

A

Second month

161
Q

Which cells stop or nearly stop dividing during the fetal period?

A

Nerve cells

162
Q

Which tissues are highly mitotic in adults?

A

Epithelia and blood-forming tissues

163
Q

What is a common problem of aging tissues?

A

Increased risk of cancer due to DNA mutations

164
Q

Which germ layer is the most superficial?

A

Ectoderm

165
Q

Which primary tissues develop mostly from the mesoderm?

A

Muscle and connective tissue

166
Q

Ectoderm

A

The most superficial germ layer in embryonic development

167
Q

Mesoderm

A

The middle germ layer in embryonic development

168
Q

Endoderm

A

The deepest germ layer in embryonic development

169
Q

Stem cells

A

Relatively undifferentiated cells that divide as necessary to produce new cells

170
Q

Atrophy

A

The wasting away or decrease in size of an organ or tissue

171
Q

What is an adenoma?

A

A neoplasm of glandular epithelium

172
Q

What is another term for an autopsy?

A

Postmortem examination

173
Q

What type of cancer arises in an epithelium?

A

Carcinoma

174
Q

What is healing by first intention?

A

Healing when wound edges are brought together by sutures or staples

175
Q

What characterizes healing by second intention?

A

Wound edges remain separated and large amounts of granulation tissue bridge the gap

176
Q

What is a keloid?

A

An abnormal proliferation of connective tissue during healing

177
Q

What is Marfan’s syndrome?

A

A genetic disease resulting in abnormalities of connective tissues

178
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta also known as?

A

Brittle bone disease

179
Q

What is the scientific study of changes in organs and tissues produced by disease called?

A

Pathology

180
Q

What is pus composed of?

A

Tissue fluid, bacteria, dead and dying tissue cells, white blood cells, and macrophages

181
Q

What type of cancer arises in mesenchyme-derived tissues?

A

Sarcoma

182
Q

What causes scurvy?

A

Lack of adequate vitamin C

183
Q

What is the purpose of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) in wound healing?

A

To induce healing by applying suction through a special sponge

184
Q

What is the term for the examination of the body after death to determine the cause of death?

A

Autopsy

185
Q

Carcinoma

A

Cancer arising in an epithelium; accounts for 90% of human cancers.

186
Q

What is healing by first intention?

A

The simplest type of healing where wound edges are brought together by sutures, staples, or other means.

187
Q

What results from abnormal proliferation of connective tissue during healing of skin wounds?

A

Keloid

188
Q

Lesion

A

Any injury, wound, or infection that affects tissue over an area of a definite size.

189
Q

What genetic disease results in abnormalities of connective tissues due to a defect in fibrillin?

A

Marfan’s syndrome

190
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

An inherited condition causing defective collagen production, resulting in weak bones that break easily.

191
Q

What is the scientific study of changes in organs and tissues produced by disease?

A

Pathology

192
Q

Sarcoma

A

Cancer arising in mesenchyme-derived tissues, such as connective tissues and muscle.

193
Q

What nutritional deficiency is caused by a lack of adequate vitamin C?

A

Scurvy

194
Q

What are the four primary types of tissues in the human body?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues

195
Q

What is the main function of simple squamous epithelium?

A

Filtration and exchange of substances

196
Q

Which type of epithelial tissue lines most of the digestive tract?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

197
Q

What type of connective tissue forms tendons and ligaments?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

198
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs?

A

Smooth muscle

199
Q

What is the primary cell type in cartilage?

A

Chondroblast

200
Q

Which type of epithelial tissue is adapted to resist abrasion and is found lining the esophagus and vagina?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

201
Q

What is the main function of nervous tissue?

A

Receiving and transmitting electrical impulses

202
Q

Which type of connective tissue is known for its high tensile strength and forms structures such as tendons and ligaments?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

203
Q

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the upper respiratory passages and is rich in mucus-secreting cells?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

204
Q

What is the main function of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection, absorption, excretion, filtration, secretion, and sensory reception

205
Q

Where is simple cuboidal epithelium commonly found?

A

In glands and kidney tubules

206
Q

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

A

A type of epithelium that appears stratified but is actually a single layer of cells, often ciliated and found in the upper respiratory passages

207
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

A type of stratified epithelium adapted for stretching, found lining hollow urinary system organs

208
Q

What are the two main classifications of glands based on the site of product release?

A

Exocrine and endocrine

209
Q

Connective tissue

A

The most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body, with functions including binding, support, protection, insulation, fat storage, and transportation

210
Q

What are the three types of fibers found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues?

A

Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

211
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

A type of cartilage with a firm ground substance containing collagen fibers, found in the embryonic skeleton, articulating surfaces of bones, and trachea

212
Q

What type of muscle tissue is responsible for pumping blood through the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle

213
Q

Neurons

A

Branching cells that receive and transmit electrical impulses, involved in body regulation

214
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

A dry membrane consisting of an epithelium bound to an underlying connective tissue layer

215
Q

Histology

A

Branch of anatomy dealing with the microscopic structure of tissues.

216
Q

Sections

A

A cut through the body (or an organ) that is made along a particular plane; a thin slice of tissue prepared for microscopic study.

217
Q

Metastasis

A

The spread of cancer from one body part or organ into another not directly connected to it.

218
Q

Reticular lamina

A

A layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen fibers; together with the basal lamina it is a major component of the basement membrane.

219
Q

Fibrocytes

A

Mature fibroblast; maintains the matrix of fibrous types of connective tissue.

220
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cell.

221
Q

Stroma

A

The basic internal structural framework of an organ.

222
Q

Serosa membranes

A

The moist membrane found in closed ventral body cavities.

223
Q

Areolar connective tissue

A

A type of loose connective tissue.

224
Q

Holocrine glands

A

Glands that accumulate their secretions within their cells; secretions are discharged only upon rupture and death of the cell.

225
Q

Malignant

A

Life threatening; pertains to neoplasms that spread and lead to death, such as cancer.

226
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Discs of fibrocartilage between vertebrae.

227
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

The most abundant cartilage type in the body; provides firm support with some pliability.

228
Q

Pleurae

A

Two layers of serous membrane that line the thoracic cavity and cover the external surface of the lung.

229
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-forming cells.

230
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Areolar connective tissue modified to store fat; a connective tissue consisting chiefly of adipocytes.

231
Q

Intercalated discs

A

Specialized connections between myocardial cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes.

232
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Pertaining to the skin.

233
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Muscle composed of cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations; the muscle(s) attached to the body’s skeleton; voluntary muscle.

234
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood.

235
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

The cartilage most resistant to compression and stretch. Forms vertebral discs and knee joint cartilages.

236
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

Muscle that cannot ordinarily be controlled voluntarily (e.g., smooth and cardiac muscle).

237
Q

Basal surface

A

The surface near the base or interior of a structure; nearest the lower side or bottom of a structure.

238
Q

Mast cells

A

Immune cells that function to detect foreign substances in the tissue spaces and initiate local inflammatory responses against them; typically found clustered deep to an epithelium or along blood vessels.

239
Q

Alveolus

A

(1) One of the microscopic air sacs of the lungs; (2) tiny milk-producing glandular sac in the breast; (3) tooth socket.

240
Q

Endoderm

A

Embryonic germ layer; forms the lining of the digestive tube and its associated structures.

241
Q

Myofilaments

A

Filament that constitutes myofibrils. Of two types: actin and myosin.

242
Q

Reticular connective tissue

A

Connective tissue with a fine network of reticular fibers that form the internal supporting framework of lymphoid organs.

243
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Actively mitotic cell of cartilage.

244
Q

Fibrosis

A

Proliferation of fibrous connective tissue called scar tissue.

245
Q

Connective tissue

A

A primary tissue; form and function vary extensively. Functions include support, storage, and protection.

246
Q

Voluntary muscle

A

Muscle under strict nervous control; skeletal muscle.

247
Q

Neurons

A

Cell of the nervous system specialized to generate and transmit electrical signals (action potentials and graded potentials).

248
Q

Pericardium

A

Double-layered sac enclosing the heart and forming its superficial layer; has fibrous and serous layers.

249
Q

Benign

A

Not malignant.

250
Q

Mesoderm

A

Primary germ layer that forms the skeleton and muscles of the body

251
Q

Goblet cells

A

Individual cells (unicellular glands) that produce mucus.

252
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage.

253
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Fiber formed from the protein elastin, which gives a rubbery and resilient quality to the matrix of connective tissue.

254
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption.

255
Q

Secretion

A

(1) The passage of material formed by a cell to its exterior; (2) cell product that is transported to the exterior of a cell.

256
Q

Peritoneum

A

Serous membrane lining the interior of the abdominal cavity and covering the surfaces of abdominal organs.

257
Q

Macrophages

A

Immune cell type common in connective tissue, lymphoid tissue, and many body organs; phagocytizes tissue cells, bacteria, and other foreign debris; presents antigens to T cells in the immune response.

258
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Young, actively mitotic cell that forms the fibers of connective tissue.

259
Q

Gland

A

Organ specialized to secrete substances for further use in the body or excrete substances for elimination.

260
Q

Endothelium

A

Single layer of simple squamous cells that line the walls of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

261
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Nonliving material in connective tissue consisting of ground substance and fibers; separates the living cells.

262
Q

Mucous membranes

A

Membranes that form the linings of body cavities open to the exterior (digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts).

263
Q

Alveolar (al-ve′o-lar)

A

A gland whose secretory cells form small, flasklike sacs.

264
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Specialized muscle of the heart.

265
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells that can divide to produce various kinds of more specialized cell types.

266
Q

Duct

A

A canal or passageway; a tubular structure that provides an exit for the secretions of a gland, or for conducting any fluid.

267
Q

Basal lamina

A

Noncellular, adhesive supporting sheet consisting largely of glycoproteins secreted by epithelial cells.

268
Q

Tissues

A

A group of similar cells and their intercellular substance specialized to perform a specific function; primary tissue types of the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue.

269
Q

Hormones

A

Steroidal or amino acid–based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions.

270
Q

Adipocytes

A

An adipose, or fat, cell.

271
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Mature cell of cartilage.

272
Q

Basement membrane

A

Extracellular material consisting of a basal lamina secreted by epithelial cells and a reticular lamina secreted by underlying connective tissue cells.

273
Q

Ectoderm

A

Embryonic germ layer; forms the epidermis of the skin and its derivatives, and nervous tissues.

274
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Spindle-shaped cells with one centrally located nucleus and no externally visible striations (bands). Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs.

275
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Glands that have ducts through which their secretions are carried to a particular site.

276
Q

Cartilage

A

One of four types of connective tissue—avascular and not innervated.

277
Q

Pus

A

Fluid product of inflammation composed of white blood cells, the debris of dead cells, and a thin fluid.

278
Q

Osseous tissue

A

A connective tissue that forms the bony skeleton.

279
Q

Regeneration

A

Replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of tissue.

280
Q

Neoplasm

A

An abnormal mass of proliferating cells. Benign neoplasms remain localized; malignant neoplasms are cancers, which can spread to other organs.

281
Q

Unicellular

A

Individual cells (unicellular glands) that produce mucus.

282
Q

Mesothelium

A

The epithelium found in serous membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs.

283
Q

Epithelium

A

Pertaining to a primary tissue that covers the body surface, lines its internal cavities, and forms glands.

284
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny, hairlike projections of a cell; may move in a wavelike manner to propel substances across the exposed cell surface.

285
Q

Lamina propria

A

Loose connective tissue supporting an epithelium; part of a mucous membrane (mucosa).

286
Q

Filtration

A

Passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a membrane or filter.

287
Q

Merocrine glands

A

Glands that produce secretions intermittently; secretions do not accumulate in the gland.

288
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Common embryonic tissue from which all connective tissues arise.

289
Q

Muscle fibers

A

A muscle cell.

290
Q

Bone

A

A connective tissue that forms the bony skeleton.

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Marieb) (10 decks)

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