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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Marieb) > Ch. 3 Cells: The Living Unit > Flashcards

Ch. 3 Cells: The Living Unit Flashcards

1
Q

What is the composition of the plasma membrane?

A

A double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins

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2
Q

Which process involves the diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradient?

A

Passive membrane transport

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3
Q

What distinguishes primary active transport from secondary active transport?

A

Primary active transport directly uses ATP

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4
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

The voltage difference across a cell membrane

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5
Q

What role do cell adhesion molecules play?

A

They allow cells to interact with their environment

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6
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Producing ATP

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7
Q

What are the two main types of cellular extensions?

A

Cilia and microvilli

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8
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase and mitotic phase

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9
Q

What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

Carrying instructions from DNA for building proteins

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10
Q

What are the three major regions of a generalized cell?

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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11
Q

Plasma membrane

A

A double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins that surrounds the cell

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12
Q

What is the primary function of the plasma membrane?

A

To regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell

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13
Q

What is passive membrane transport?

A

The diffusion of molecules down their concentration gradient

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14
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane using ATP

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15
Q

What establishes the membrane potential?

A

Selective diffusion

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16
Q

Membrane potential

A

The voltage difference across a cell’s plasma membrane

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17
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid component of the cytoplasm

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18
Q

Ribosome

A

An organelle that synthesizes proteins

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

The organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material

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20
Q

Gene

A

A segment of DNA that contains instructions for building a protein

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21
Q

Apoptosis

A

The process of programmed cell death

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22
Q

What is the importance of ubiquitin-dependent degradation?

A

It disposes of unneeded soluble proteins

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23
Q

Which of the following is NOT a point of cell theory?

A

All organisms are made of multiple cells.

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24
Q

What principle states that the activities of cells are dictated by their shapes and subcellular structures?

A

Principle of complementarity of structure and function

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25
Q

What process do most body cells use to arise?

A

Mitosis

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26
Q

Which type of cell arises by meiosis?

A

Sperm and ovum (egg) cells

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27
Q

What are the two major fluid compartments separated by the plasma membrane?

A

Intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid

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28
Q

Why is the term ‘plasma membrane’ preferred over ‘cell membrane’ in the context of this book?

A

Because nearly all cellular organelles are enclosed in a membrane

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29
Q

What role does the plasma membrane play in cellular activities?

A

A dynamic role

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30
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

The fluid within cells.

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31
Q

Extracellular fluid

A

The fluid outside cells.

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32
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

The type of endocytosis in which engulfed particles attach to receptors before endocytosis occurs.

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33
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Membrane, composed of phospholipids, cholesterol, and proteins, that encloses cell contents; outer limiting cell membrane.

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34
Q

Anaphase

A

Third stage of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II in which chromosomes move toward each pole of a cell.

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35
Q

Exocytosis

A

Mechanism by which substances are moved from the cell interior to the extracellular space as a secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane.

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36
Q

Centrosome

A

A region near the nucleus that contains paired organelles called centrioles.

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37
Q

Basal bodies

A

An organelle structurally identical to a centriole and forming the base of a cilium or flagellum.

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38
Q

Passive processes

A

Membrane transport processes that move substances down their concentration gradients (e.g., diffusion). They are driven by kinetic energy and so do not require cellular energy (such as ATP).

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39
Q

Endocytosis

A

Means by which fairly large extracellular molecules or particles enter cells, e.g., phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis.

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40
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membranous sacs in cytoplasm containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify harmful or toxic substances, such as free radicals.

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41
Q

Primary active transport

A

A type of active transport in which the energy needed to drive the transport process is provided directly by hydrolysis of ATP.

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42
Q

Nucleus

A

(1) Control center of a cell; contains genetic material; (2) clusters of neuron cell bodies in the CNS; (3) center of an atom; contains protons and neutrons.

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43
Q

Centrioles

A

Minute body found in pairs near the nucleus of the cell; active in cell division.

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44
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Accelerated cell division, e.g., in anemia, the bone marrow produces red blood cells at a faster rate.

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45
Q

Carriers

A

A transmembrane protein that changes shape to envelop and transport a polar substance across the cell membrane.

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46
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Membranous network of tubular or saclike channels in the cytoplasm of a cell.

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47
Q

Interphase

A

One of two major periods in the cell life cycle; includes the period from cell formation to cell division.

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48
Q

Membrane receptors

A

A large, diverse group of integral proteins that serve as binding sites for signaling molecules.

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49
Q

Chromosomes

A

Barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatin; visible during cell division.

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50
Q

M (mitotic) phase

A

One of two major periods in the cell life cycle; involves the division of the nucleus (mitosis) and the division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis).

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51
Q

Amoeboid motion

A

The flowing movement of the cytoplasm of a phagocyte as it moves across a surface.

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52
Q

Necrosis

A

Death or disintegration of a cell or tissues caused by disease or injury.

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53
Q

Cytosol

A

Viscous, semitransparent fluid substance of cytoplasm in which other elements are suspended.

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54
Q

Channels

A

A transmembrane protein that forms an aqueous pore, allowing substances to move from one side of the membrane to the other.

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55
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Engulfing of extracellular fluid by cells.

56
Q

Osmosis

A

Diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from a dilute solution into a more concentrated one.

57
Q

Mitosis

A

Process during which the chromosomes are redistributed to two daughter nuclei; nuclear division. Consists of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

58
Q

Signal sequence

A

A short peptide segment present in a protein being synthesized that causes the associated ribosome to attach to the membrane of rough ER.

59
Q

Isotonic

A

A solution with a concentration of nonpenetrating solutes equal to that found in the reference cell.

60
Q

Multinucleate

A

Cell with more than one nucleus, e.g., skeletal muscle cells, osteoclasts.

61
Q

Microfilaments

A

One of three types of cytoskeletal elements; thin strands of the protein actin.

62
Q

Simple diffusion

A

The unassisted transport across a plasma membrane of a lipid-soluble or very small particle.

63
Q

Cell cycle

A

Series of changes a cell goes through from the time it is formed until it has reproduced itself.

64
Q

Exons

A

Amino acid–specifying informational sequences (separated by introns) in the genes of higher organisms.

65
Q

Osmolarity

A

The number of solute particles present in 1 liter of a solution.

66
Q

Nucleoli

A

Dense spherical bodies in the cell nucleus involved with ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly.

67
Q

Desmosomes

A

Cell junction composed of thickened plasma membranes joined by filaments.

68
Q

Tonicity

A

A measure of the ability of a solution to cause a change in cell shape or tone by promoting osmotic flows of water.

69
Q

G protein

A

Protein that relays signals between extracellular first messengers (such as hormones or neurotransmitters) and intracellular second messengers (such as cyclic AMP) via an effector enzyme.

70
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of cytoplasm that occurs after the cell nucleus has divided.

71
Q

Secondary active transport

A

A type of active transport in which the energy needed to drive the transport process is provided by the electrochemical gradient of another molecule (which moves “downhill” through the transport protein at the same time as another molecule is moved “uphill” against its gradient). Also called cotransport or symport (when the two transported molecules move in the same direction) or antiport (when the two transported molecules move in opposite directions).

72
Q

Autolysis

A

Process of autodigestion (self-digestion) of cells, especially dead or degenerate cells.

73
Q

Codon

A

The three-base sequence on a messenger RNA molecule that provides the genetic information used in protein synthesis; codes for a given amino acid.

74
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA),

A

Short-chain RNA molecules that transfer amino acids to the ribosome.

75
Q

Active processes

A

(1) Membrane transport processes for which ATP is directly or indirectly required, e.g., solute pumping and endocytosis. (2) “Active transport” also refers specifically to solute pumping.

76
Q

Organelles

A

Small subcellular structures (ribosomes, mitochondria, and others) that perform specific functions for the cell as a whole.

77
Q

Microvilli

A

Tiny projections on the free surfaces of some epithelial cells; increase surface area for absorption.

78
Q

Atrophy

A

Reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use.

79
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane.

80
Q

Hypertonic

A

Excessive, above normal, tone or tension.

81
Q

Genetic code

A

Refers to the rules by which the base sequence of a DNA gene is translated into protein structures (amino acid sequences).

82
Q

Metaphase

A

Second stage of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II.

83
Q

Tight junction

A

Area where plasma membranes of adjacent cells are tightly bound together, forming an impermeable barrier.

84
Q

Vesicular transport

A

Transport of large particles and macromolecules into or out of a cell or between its compartments in membrane-bound sacs.

85
Q

Lysosomes

A

Organelles that originate from the Golgi apparatus and contain strong digestive enzymes.

86
Q

Systemic

A

Pertaining to the whole body.

87
Q

Phagosome

A

Vesicle formed as a result of phagocytosis.

88
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

A depiction of the structure of the membranes of a cell as phospholipid bilayers in which proteins are dispersed.

89
Q

Transcription

A

The transfer of genetic code information from a DNA base sequence to the complementary base sequence of an mRNA molecule; the first major step in polypeptide synthesis.

90
Q

Telophase

A

The final phase of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II; begins when migration of chromosomes to the poles of the cell has been completed and ends with the formation of two daughter nuclei.

91
Q

Hypertonic solutions

A

A solution that has a higher concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than the reference cell; having greater osmotic pressure than the reference solution (blood plasma or interstitial fluid).

92
Q

Microtubules

A

One of three types of cytoskeletal elements; hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin.

93
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

Nonliving material in connective tissue consisting of ground substance and fibers; separates the living cells.

94
Q

Diffusion

A

The spreading of particles in a gas or solution with a movement toward uniform distribution of particles; driven by kinetic energy.

95
Q

Introns

A

Noncoding segment or portion of DNA that ranges from 60 to 100,000 nucleotides long.

96
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Membranous system close to the cell nucleus that packages protein secretions for export, packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use, and modifies proteins destined to become part of cellular membranes.

97
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Internal fluid located outside cells; includes interstitial fluid, blood plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid.

98
Q

Ribosomes

A

Cytoplasmic organelles at which proteins are synthesized.

99
Q

Chromatin

A

Strands of DNA (genes) and associated proteins; forms chromosomes when condensed (tightly coiled).

100
Q

Cisterns

A

Any cavity or enclosed space serving as a reservoir.

101
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Literally, cell skeleton. An elaborate series of structural proteins running through the cytosol, supporting cellular structures and providing the machinery to generate various cell movements.

102
Q

Permeability

A

A measure of the ability of molecules and ions to pass through a membrane.

103
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure of fluid in a system.

104
Q

Apoptosis

A

A process of controlled cellular suicide; eliminates cells that are unneeded, stressed, or aged.

105
Q

Gene

A

One of the biological units of heredity located in DNA; transmits hereditary information.

106
Q

Cell differentiation

A

The development of specific and distinctive features in cells, from a single cell (the fertilized egg) to all the specialized cells of adulthood.

107
Q

Pores

A

The surface opening of the duct of a sweat gland.

108
Q

Cyclic AMP

A

Intracellular second messenger that mediates the effects of the first (extracellular) messenger (hormone or neurotransmitter); formed from ATP by a plasma membrane enzyme (adenylate cyclase).

109
Q

Mitochondria

A

Cytoplasmic organelles responsible for ATP generation for cellular activities.

110
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The difference in the concentration of a particular substance between two different areas.

111
Q

Gap junction

A

A passageway between two adjacent cells; formed by transmembrane proteins called connexons.

112
Q

Membrane potential

A

Voltage across the plasma membrane.

113
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

A constituent of ribosomes that assists in protein synthesis.

114
Q

Aquaporins (AQPs)

A

Transmembrane proteins that form water channels.

115
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Long nucleotide strands that reflect the exact nucleotide sequences of the genetically active DNA and carry the DNA’s message.

116
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

The double membrane barrier of a cell nucleus.

117
Q

Cells

A

Structural unit of all living things.

118
Q

Anticodon

A

The three-base sequence complementary to the messenger RNA (mRNA) codon.

119
Q

Free radicals

A

Highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

120
Q

Hypotonic solutions

A

A solution that is more dilute (containing fewer nonpenetrating solutes) than the reference cell. Cells placed in hypotonic solutions plump up rapidly as water diffuses into them.

121
Q

Ligand

A

Signaling chemicals that bind specifically to membrane receptors.

122
Q

Glycocalyx

A

A layer of externally facing glycoproteins and glycolipids (a “cell coat”) on or near a cell’s plasma membrane; its components determine blood type and are involved in cellular interactions.

123
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfing of solids by phagocytic cells.

124
Q

DNA

A

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid is a nucleic acid found in all living cells; it carries the organism’s hereditary information.

125
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

A measure of the tendency of a solvent to move into a more concentrated solution.

126
Q

Nucleosomes

A

Fundamental unit of chromatin; consists of a strand of DNA wound around a cluster of eight histone proteins.

127
Q

Prophase

A

The first stage of mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II. The chromosomes become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and a spindle forms.

128
Q

S phase

A

The part of the interphase period of the cell cycle in which DNA replicates itself, ensuring that the two future cells will receive identical copies of genetic material.

129
Q

Vesicle

A

A small liquid-filled sac or bladder.

130
Q

Translation

A

The second major step in the transfer of genetic code information, in which the information carried by mRNA is decoded and used to assemble polypeptides.

131
Q

Flagella

A

Long, whiplike cellular extension containing microtubules; propels sperm and some single-celled eukaryotes.

132
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

A primary active transport system that simultaneously drives Na+ out of the cell against a steep gradient and pumps K+ back in. Also called Na+-K+ ATPase.

133
Q

Cilia

A

Tiny, hairlike projections of a cell; may move in a wavelike manner to propel substances across the exposed cell surface.

134
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

The voltage that exists across the plasma membrane during the resting state of an excitable cell; typically ranges from −50 to −90 millivolts depending on cell type.

135
Q

Glycolipids

A

A lipid with one or more covalently attached sugars.

136
Q

Second messengers

A

Intracellular molecule generated by the binding of a chemical (e.g., hormone or neurotransmitter) to a receptor protein; mediates intracellular responses to the chemical messenger.

137
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

Passive transport process used by certain large or charged molecules (e.g., glucose, Na+) that are unable to pass through the plasma membrane unaided. Involves movement through channels or movement facilitated by a membrane carrier.

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Marieb) (10 decks)

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