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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Marieb) > Ch. 7 The Skeleton > Flashcards

Ch. 7 The Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of body mass does the skeletal system account for?

A

20%

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2
Q

What are the main components of the skeletal system?

A

Bones, cartilages, joints, and ligaments

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3
Q

Which part of the skeleton allows for mobility?

A

Appendicular skeleton

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4
Q

What is the origin of the word ‘skeleton’?

A

Greek word meaning ‘dried-up body’ or ‘mummy’

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5
Q

What does the thoracic cage consist of?

A

Bones of the chest

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6
Q

What bones form the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle and scapula

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7
Q

What are the components of the upper limb?

A

Arm, forearm, and hand

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8
Q

What bones contribute to the os coxae?

A

Hip bones

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9
Q

What are the components of the lower limb?

A

Thigh, leg, and foot

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10
Q

What are the two main parts of the human skeleton?

A

Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton

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11
Q

What is the primary function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

The appendicular skeleton allows mobility.

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12
Q

What are the components of the axial skeleton?

A

The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

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13
Q

What are the components of the appendicular skeleton?

A

The pectoral girdle, upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb.

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14
Q

Skeleton

A

The framework of bones, cartilages, joints, and ligaments that supports and protects the body.

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15
Q

What percentage of body mass does the skeletal system account for?

A

About 20% of body mass.

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16
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Ligaments are connective tissues that connect bones and reinforce joints.

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17
Q

What is the function of joints in the skeletal system?

A

Joints provide for the remarkable mobility of the skeleton.

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18
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

The part of the skeleton that includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage, supporting and protecting the central part of the body.

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19
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

A

The part of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, and lower limbs, allowing for mobility.

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20
Q

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

80

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21
Q

Which of the following is NOT a region of the axial skeleton?

A

Pectoral girdle

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22
Q

What is the primary function of the axial skeleton?

A

Supports the head, neck, and trunk

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23
Q

Which bones form the thoracic cage?

A

Ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae

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24
Q

What does the axial skeleton protect?

A

Brain, spinal cord, and organs in the thorax

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25
Q

What are the three major regions of the axial skeleton?

A

The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

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26
Q

Which part of the skeleton forms the longitudinal axis of the body?

A

The axial skeleton

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27
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

The part of the skeleton that forms the longitudinal axis of the body, including the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

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28
Q

Thoracic Cage

A

The part of the axial skeleton formed by the ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae.

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29
Q

How many cranial bones are in the skull?

A

8

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30
Q

Which bone forms the lower jaw and is connected to the skull by freely movable joints?

A

Mandible

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31
Q

What is the name of the joints that firmly unite the bones of the adult skull?

A

Sutures

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32
Q

Which suture connects the parietal bones to the frontal bone?

A

Coronal suture

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33
Q

What is the function of the cranial bones?

A

Protect the brain and furnish attachment sites for head and neck muscles

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34
Q

What is the cranial vault also known as?

A

Calvaria

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35
Q

Which bones form the superior and lateral aspects of the skull?

A

Parietal bones

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36
Q

What is the name of the large hole at the base of the occipital bone?

A

Foramen magnum

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37
Q

Which bone is known as the keystone of the cranium?

A

Sphenoid bone

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38
Q

What is the function of the ethmoid bone’s cribriform plates?

A

Allow filaments of the olfactory nerves to pass to the brain

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39
Q

How many facial bones are in the human skull?

A

14

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40
Q

Cranium

A

The part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain.

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41
Q

Sutures

A

Interlocking joints that connect the bones of the skull.

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42
Q

Name the four major sutures of the skull.

A

Coronal, sagittal, squamous, and lambdoid sutures.

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43
Q

What are the three fossae of the cranial base?

A

Anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae.

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44
Q

Cranial cavity

A

The space within the skull that houses the brain.

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45
Q

What bone forms the forehead?

A

Frontal bone

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46
Q

Which bone forms the posterior aspect and most of the base of the skull?

A

Occipital bone

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47
Q

Foramen magnum

A

The large opening in the occipital bone through which the spinal cord connects with the brain.

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48
Q

What is the function of the occipital condyles?

A

They articulate with the first vertebra of the spinal column, allowing nodding movements of the head.

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49
Q

Sella turcica

A

A saddle-shaped prominence on the sphenoid bone that houses the pituitary gland.

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50
Q

What is the function of the cribriform plates of the ethmoid bone?

A

They form the roof of the nasal cavity and allow the passage of olfactory nerves.

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51
Q

Crista galli

A

A triangular process of the ethmoid bone that serves as an attachment point for the dura mater.

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52
Q

Which bones form the bridge of the nose?

A

Nasal bones

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53
Q

What is the function of the lacrimal bones?

A

They form part of the medial walls of the orbits and house the lacrimal sacs for tear drainage.

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54
Q

Maxillae

A

The bones that form the upper jaw and central portion of the facial skeleton.

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55
Q

What is the main function of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

Preventing hyperextension of the spine

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56
Q

What is the shape of the vertebral foramen in lumbar vertebrae?

A

Triangular

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57
Q

What is the primary role of the ligamentum flavum?

A

Connecting adjacent vertebrae and providing elasticity

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58
Q

What is the primary function of the vertebral column?

A

To transmit the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs, protect the spinal cord, and provide attachment points for ribs and muscles.

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59
Q

Cervical Vertebrae

A

The seven vertebrae at the top of the vertebral column, numbered C1-C7, with a concave curvature.

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60
Q

How many vertebrae make up the thoracic curvature?

A

12 vertebrae, numbered T1-T12.

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61
Q

Intervertebral Discs

A

Cushionlike pads composed of an inner gelatinous nucleus pulposus and a strong collar called the anulus fibrosus, acting as shock absorbers.

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62
Q

What are the four curvatures of the vertebral column?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curvatures.

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63
Q

Ligamentum Flavum

A

A strong ligament containing elastic connective tissue that connects adjacent vertebrae and stretches as we bend forward.

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64
Q

Scoliosis

A

An abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, often occurring in the thoracic region.

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65
Q

What is the main characteristic of lumbar vertebrae?

A

They are massive and kidney-shaped, designed to support greater weight.

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66
Q

Kyphosis

A

A dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature, commonly known as hunchback.

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67
Q

What is the role of the anterior longitudinal ligament?

A

To prevent hyperextension of the spine and support the vertebral column.

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68
Q

Lordosis

A

An accentuated lumbar curvature, often referred to as swayback.

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69
Q

Which ribs are known as true ribs?

A

Ribs 1-7

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70
Q

What is the primary function of the thoracic cage?

A

Protecting vital organs of the thoracic cavity

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71
Q

Which part of the sternum articulates with the clavicles?

A

Manubrium

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72
Q

What is the function of the intercostal muscles?

A

Lifting and depressing the thorax during breathing

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73
Q

Which ribs are called floating ribs?

A

Ribs 11 and 12

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74
Q

What is the xiphisternal joint?

A

The point where the sternal body and xiphoid process fuse

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75
Q

Which ribs attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages?

A

Ribs 1-7

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76
Q

What is the jugular notch?

A

The central indentation in the superior border of the manubrium

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77
Q

Which ribs are called vertebrochondral ribs?

A

Ribs 8-10

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78
Q

What is the function of costal cartilages?

A

They secure the ribs to the sternum.

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79
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process

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80
Q

What is the anatomical term for true ribs?

A

Vertebrosternal ribs

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81
Q

What is the jugular notch?

A

The central indentation in the superior border of the manubrium.

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82
Q

What is the sternal angle?

A

A horizontal ridge where the manubrium joins the sternal body.

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83
Q

Manubrium

A

The superior portion of the sternum, shaped like the knot in a necktie.

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84
Q

Xiphoid process

A

The inferior end of the sternum, a small process that is usually ossified in adults over 40.

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85
Q

Intercostal space

A

The space between ribs occupied by intercostal muscles.

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86
Q

True ribs

A

Ribs 1 through 7 that attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages.

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87
Q

False ribs

A

Ribs 8 through 12 that either attach indirectly to the sternum or lack a sternal attachment.

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88
Q

Floating ribs

A

Ribs 11 and 12 that have no anterior attachments.

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89
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the limbs and their girdles

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90
Q

What is the function of the pectoral girdles?

A

Attach the upper limbs to the body trunk

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91
Q

What is the primary role of the pelvic girdle?

A

Secures the lower limbs

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92
Q

How many major segments are each limb composed of?

A

Three

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93
Q

What connects the segments of the limbs?

A

Movable joints

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94
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the limbs and their girdles that are appended to the axial skeleton.

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95
Q

What is the function of the pectoral girdle?

A

To attach the upper limbs to the body trunk.

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96
Q

What does the pelvic girdle secure?

A

The lower limbs.

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97
Q

How many major segments does each limb have in the appendicular skeleton?

A

Three major segments.

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98
Q

What connects the segments of the limbs in the appendicular skeleton?

A

Movable joints.

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99
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of the limbs and their girdles that are appended to the axial skeleton.

100
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

The set of bones that attach the upper limbs to the body trunk.

101
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

The set of bones that secure the lower limbs.

102
Q

What is the function of the clavicles in the pectoral girdle?

A

They hold the scapulae and arms out laterally

103
Q

What connects the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton?

A

The articulation of the clavicles to the sternum

104
Q

What is the shape of the scapula?

A

Triangular

105
Q

Which part of the scapula articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint?

A

Glenoid cavity

106
Q

What is found on the anterior surface of the scapula?

A

Subscapular fossa

107
Q

What is the function of the curves in the clavicle?

A

To ensure it fractures anteriorly to avoid damaging the subclavian artery

108
Q

What is the acromion?

A

A projection on the scapula that articulates with the clavicle

109
Q

What is the primary function of the pectoral girdle?

A

To attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and provide attachment points for muscles that move the upper limbs.

110
Q

Which bone marking on the scapula articulates with the clavicle?

A

The acromion.

111
Q

Clavicle

A

A slender, S-shaped bone that acts as a brace to hold the scapulae and arms out laterally and transmits compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.

112
Q

Scapula

A

A thin, triangular flat bone that lies on the dorsal surface of the rib cage and forms part of the shoulder girdle.

113
Q

Acromion

A

A triangular projection on the scapula that articulates with the clavicle to form the acromioclavicular joint.

114
Q

Glenoid cavity

A

A shallow, pit-shaped cavity on the scapula that articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint.

115
Q

What is the sole bone of the arm?

A

Humerus

116
Q

Which bone is the medial bone of the forearm?

A

Ulna

117
Q

Which bone articulates with the scapula at the shoulder?

A

Humerus

118
Q

Which bone is the lateral bone of the forearm?

A

Radius

119
Q

What is the name of the bone that forms the palm of the hand?

A

Metacarpals

120
Q

Which bone is responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus?

A

Ulna

121
Q

Which bone has the anatomical neck and surgical neck?

A

Humerus

122
Q

Which bone has the radial tuberosity?

A

Radius

123
Q

What is the name of the bony part that rests on the table when you lean on your elbows?

A

Olecranon

124
Q

Which bones form the wrist?

A

Carpals

125
Q

What is the main function of the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna?

A

Connecting the radius and ulna along their entire length

126
Q

What is the anatomical term for the thumb?

A

Pollex

127
Q

What is the name of the condition caused by overuse and inflammation of tendons in the wrist?

A

Carpal tunnel syndrome

128
Q

Humerus

A

The sole bone of the arm, articulating with the scapula at the shoulder and with the radius and ulna at the elbow.

129
Q

Olecranon

A

The bony prominence of the ulna at the elbow, forming the angle of the elbow.

130
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

A flat, flexible ligament connecting the radius and ulna along their entire length.

131
Q

Carpal bones

A

Eight marble-sized bones forming the wrist, arranged in two rows of four bones each.

132
Q

Metacarpals

A

Five long bones forming the palm of the hand, numbered I to V from thumb to little finger.

133
Q

Phalanges

A

Fourteen miniature long bones forming the fingers, with three in each finger except the thumb, which has two.

134
Q

What are the three bones that make up the hip bone (os coxae)?

A

Ilium, ischium, and pubis

135
Q

What is the function of the acetabulum?

A

Receives the head of the femur

136
Q

Which part of the ilium is an important anatomical landmark and easily felt through the skin?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

137
Q

Which bone forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone?

A

Ischium

138
Q

What is the primary function of the ischial tuberosity?

A

Bears weight when sitting

139
Q

What structure is formed by the bodies of the two pubic bones?

A

Pubic symphysis

140
Q

Which of the following correctly describes a difference between the female and male pelvis?

A

The female pubic arch is rounder

141
Q

Which of the following forms the pelvis but is not part of the coxal bones?

A

Sacrum

142
Q

What are the three bones that make up the hip bone?

A

The ilium, ischium, and pubis.

143
Q

Os Coxae

A

Another term for the hip bone, consisting of the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

144
Q

What is the main functional difference between the male and female pelvis?

A

The female pelvis is adapted for childbearing, being wider, shallower, lighter, and rounder.

145
Q

Iliac Crest

A

The thickened superior margins of the ilium where many muscles attach.

146
Q

What is the significance of the pubic symphysis?

A

It is the joint where the two pubic bones are joined by a fibrocartilage disc.

147
Q

Pubic Arch

A

The V-shaped angle formed by the inferior pubic rami, which is broader in females.

148
Q

What is the role of the sacroiliac joint?

A

It transmits the weight of the body from the spine to the pelvis.

149
Q

What is the primary function of the patella?

A

Protects the knee joint and improves leverage of thigh muscles

150
Q

Which bone forms the heel of the foot?

A

Calcaneus

151
Q

Which bone articulates with the tibia at the ankle joint?

A

Talus

152
Q

What is the weakest part of the femur, often fractured in hip injuries?

A

Neck

153
Q

What is the function of the medial and lateral condyles of the femur?

A

Articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint

154
Q

Which bone is known as the shinbone?

A

Tibia

155
Q

Which bone does not bear weight but helps stabilize the ankle joint?

A

Fibula

156
Q

How many phalanges are there in each toe except the great toe?

A

Three

157
Q

Which bone is known as the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body?

A

Femur

158
Q

Femur

A

The single bone of the thigh, and the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body.

159
Q

What is the function of the patella?

A

It protects the knee joint anteriorly and improves the leverage of the thigh muscles acting across the knee.

160
Q

Patella

A

A triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the tendon that secures the anterior thigh muscles to the tibia.

161
Q

What is the primary function of the tibia?

A

To receive the weight of the body from the femur and transmit it to the foot.

162
Q

Tibia

A

The larger and more medial bone of the leg, second only to the femur in size and strength.

163
Q

What is the role of the fibula in the leg?

A

It helps stabilize the ankle joint but does not bear weight.

164
Q

Fibula

A

A sticklike bone with slightly expanded ends that articulates with the tibia and helps stabilize the ankle joint.

165
Q

What are the main functions of the foot?

A

To support body weight and act as a lever to propel the body forward when walking or running.

166
Q

Tarsals

A

Seven bones that form the posterior half of the foot, including the talus and calcaneus.

167
Q

Which bones form the knee joint?

A

The lateral and medial condyles of both the femur and tibia.

168
Q

What is the function of the arches of the foot?

A

To support weight and provide springiness, making walking and running more economical in terms of energy use.

169
Q

What are the unossified remnants of fibrous membranes connecting the skull bones at birth called?

A

Fontanelles

170
Q

Which fontanelle is palpable for 1½ to 2 years after birth?

A

Anterior fontanelle

171
Q

What condition involves the failure of the right and left halves of the palate to fuse medially?

A

Cleft palate

172
Q

At what age does the cranium almost reach adult proportions?

A

8 to 9 years

173
Q

Which spinal curvatures are well developed at birth?

A

Thoracic and sacral curvatures

174
Q

What is the term for the condition where the femoral head is partially or completely dislocated in newborns?

A

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)

175
Q

What skeletal changes occur during puberty in females?

A

The pelvis broadens in preparation for childbearing

176
Q

What happens to the spine as the discs become thinner and less elastic with age?

A

The risk of disc herniation increases

177
Q

What condition is characterized by the loss of bone mass in the jaws, making them look small and childlike in old age?

A

Osteoporosis

178
Q

Why are fontanelles important during birth?

A

They allow the infant’s head to be compressed slightly during birth and accommodate brain growth.

179
Q

When does the lumbar curvature develop in infants?

A

When the baby begins to walk, around 12 months.

180
Q

Fontanelle

A

Unossified remnants of fibrous membranes connecting the skull bones at birth.

181
Q

Cleft palate

A

A congenital condition where the right and left halves of the palate fail to fuse medially.

182
Q

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)

A

A condition involving partial or complete dislocation of the femoral head and poorly developed acetabulum in newborns.

183
Q

Primary curvatures

A

The thoracic and sacral curvatures of the spine that are convex posteriorly and present at birth.

184
Q

Lumbar curvature

A

A secondary curvature of the spine that develops when a baby begins to walk, around 12 months.

185
Q

What is a common congenital defect where the soles of the feet face medially and the toes point inferiorly?

A

Clubfoot

186
Q

What is the purpose of a laminectomy?

A

To relieve the symptoms of a ruptured disc

187
Q

What does an orthopedist specialize in?

A

Restoring lost skeletal system function or repairing damage to bones and joints

188
Q

What is pelvimetry used for?

A

To determine whether the pelvis is of adequate size for normal delivery of a baby

189
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

A congenital defect of the vertebral column where one or more vertebral arches are incomplete

190
Q

What is the goal of spinal fusion?

A

To immobilize and stabilize a specific region of the vertebral column

191
Q

Chiropractor

A

A specialist who treats diseases by manipulating the vertebral column.

192
Q

Laminectomy

A

Surgical removal of a vertebral lamina, often to relieve symptoms of a ruptured disc.

193
Q

Pelvimetry

A

Measurement of the dimensions of the pelvis to determine if it is adequate for normal delivery of a baby.

194
Q

Spinal fusion

A

A surgical procedure involving the insertion of bone chips to stabilize a specific region of the vertebral column.

195
Q

What are the principal subdivisions of the axial skeleton?

A

Skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

196
Q

What is the primary function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Allows mobility for manipulation and locomotion

197
Q

Which bone is the only bone of the thigh?

A

Femur

198
Q

Which bones form the leg?

A

Tibia and fibula

199
Q

Which bones are included in the foot?

A

Tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

200
Q

Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia superiorly?

A

Talus

201
Q

What are the three arches of the foot?

A

Lateral longitudinal, medial longitudinal, and transverse

202
Q

What are fontanelles and their function?

A

Soft spots on a baby’s skull that allow brain growth and ease birth passage

203
Q

At what age do the head and torso equal the length of the lower limbs?

A

By the age of 10

204
Q

What changes occur in the female pelvis during puberty?

A

Changes preparatory for childbirth

205
Q

What happens to the intervertebral discs with old age?

A

They thin, leading to a gradual loss in height and increased risk of disc herniation

206
Q

What is the function of the hyoid bone?

A

Serves as an attachment point for tongue and neck muscles

207
Q

How many movable vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

A

24

208
Q

What are the first seven pairs of ribs called?

A

True ribs

209
Q

Femur

A

The only bone of the thigh, with a ball-shaped head that articulates with the acetabulum.

210
Q

Fontanelles

A

Soft spots on a baby’s skull that allow brain growth and ease birth passage.

211
Q

What are the eight cranial bones?

A

Paired parietal and temporal bones, and single frontal, occipital, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.

212
Q

Hyoid bone

A

A bone in the neck that serves as an attachment point for tongue and neck muscles.

213
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Consists of the clavicle and scapula, attaching the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.

214
Q

What bones form the pelvic girdle?

A

Two hip bones and the sacrum.

215
Q

What bones make up the arm, forearm, and hand?

A

The humerus (arm), radius and ulna (forearm), and carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges (hand).

216
Q

Acetabulum

A

The socket in the hip bone that articulates with the head of the femur.

217
Q

After a hip dislocation and reduction, a nurse would watch the patient carefully for signs of which of these problems?

A

Sciatic nerve injury

218
Q

When the hip is pushed out of the hip socket, what specific bones and bony structures might have been injured?

A

Femur and acetabulum

219
Q

If you were asked to rest your hands on your hips, what structure in the pelvic girdle would your hands be resting on?

A

Iliac crest

220
Q

Name the structures on the femur and the pelvic girdle where the large gluteal muscles of the buttocks attach.

A

Greater trochanter and iliac crest

221
Q

Closed reduction

A

A procedure to set a broken bone without surgery by physically manipulating the bone back into place.

222
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

A major nerve extending from the lower end of the spinal cord down the back of the thigh, and is susceptible to injury during hip dislocation.

223
Q

Acetabulum

A

The socket in the pelvis that holds the head of the femur, forming the hip joint.

224
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Consists of the paired coxal bones and sacrum that attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton.

225
Q

Superior

A

Toward the head or upper body regions.

226
Q

Mandible

A

Lower jawbone; U shaped, largest bone of the face.

227
Q

Skull

A

Bony protective encasement of the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium; includes cranial and facial bones.

228
Q

Vertebral column

A

Formed of a number of individual bones called vertebrae and two composite bones (sacrum and coccyx).

229
Q

Fossa

A

A depression, often an articular surface.

230
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

The five vertebrae of the lumbar region of the vertebral column, commonly called the small of the back.

231
Q

Thorax

A

That portion of the body trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck.

232
Q

Achilles Tendon

A

Tendon that attaches the calf muscles to the heelbone (calcaneus); also called the Achilles tendon.

233
Q

Thoracic cage

A

Bones and costal cartilages that form the framework of the thorax; includes sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae.

234
Q

Acetabulum

A

Cuplike cavity on lateral surface of the hip bone that receives the femur.

235
Q

Pelvis

A

(1) Basin-shaped bony structure composed of the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx; (2) funnel-shaped tube within the kidney continuous with the ureter.

236
Q

Axial

A

Relating to the head, neck, and trunk; one of the two major divisions of the skeleton.

237
Q

Fontanelles

A

Fibrous membranes at the angles of cranial bones that accommodate brain growth in the fetus and infant.

238
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body.

239
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

The 12 vertebrae that are in the middle part of the vertebral column and articulate with the ribs.

240
Q

Cranium

A

Bony protective encasement of the brain and organs of hearing and equilibrium

241
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body.

242
Q

Sutures

A

An immovable fibrous joint; with one exception, all bones of the skull are united by sutures.

243
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

The seven vertebrae of the vertebral column that are located in the neck.

244
Q

Ramus

A

Branch of a nerve, artery, vein, or bone.

245
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Bones that attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton; includes the clavicle and scapula.

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Marieb) (10 decks)

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