Ch. 8 Joints Flashcards
What type of tissue connects bones in fibrous joints?
Collagen fibers of connective tissue
Which type of fibrous joint is found only between bones of the skull?
Sutures
What is the primary function of sutures in the skull?
To protect the brain by preventing movement of cranial bones
Which type of fibrous joint connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula?
Syndesmoses
What type of fibrous joint is a peg-in-socket joint?
Gomphoses
What is the fibrous connection in a gomphosis joint?
Periodontal ligament
Which type of joint forms a connection between the distal ends of the ulna and radius?
Syndesmoses
Which of the following types of joints typically ossifies as one ages?
Sutures
What type of cartilage connects the bones in synchondroses?
Hyaline cartilage
Which of the following is an example of a synchondrosis?
Epiphyseal plates in long bones of children
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?
Symphysis
What type of movement is allowed by symphyses?
Limited movement
What is the primary function of fibrocartilage in symphyses?
Acts as a shock absorber
Which of the following joints is classified as amphiarthrotic?
Intervertebral joints
What type of joint is formed between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum?
Synchondrosis
Cartilaginous joints
Bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity is present.
Sprain
Ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn.
Symphysis
A joint in which the bones are connected by fibrocartilage.
Supination
The outward rotation of the forearm causing palms to face anteriorly.
Ligaments
Band of dense regular connective tissue that connects bones.
Syndesmoses
A joint in which the bones are united by a ligament or a sheet of fibrous tissue.
Circumduction
Movement of a body part so that it outlines a cone in space.
Articular capsule
Double-layered capsule composed of an outer fibrous layer lined by synovial membrane; encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint.
Synostoses
A completely ossified joint; a fused joint.
Synovial joints
Freely movable joint exhibiting a joint cavity; also called a diarthrosis.
Synarthroses
Immovable joint.
Arthroscopic surgery
Procedure enabling a surgeon to repair the interior of a joint through a small incision.
Diarthroses
Freely movable joint.
Fibrous joints
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity is present.
Rotation
Movement at a synovial joint in which a bone turns around its own long axis.
Insertion
Movable attachment of a muscle.
Dislocation (luxation)
Occurs when bones are forced out of their normal alignment at a joint.
Bursae
A fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid; occurs between bones and muscle tendons (or other structures), where it acts to decrease friction during movement.
Tendonitis
Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse.
Medial
Toward the midline of the body.
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa.
Sutures
An immovable fibrous joint; with one exception, all bones of the skull are united by sutures.
Flexion
Movement that decreases the angle of the joint, e.g., bending the knee from a straight to an angled position.
Amphiarthroses
A slightly movable joint.
Synchondrosis
A joint in which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage.
Pronation
Inward rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna—palms face posteriorly.
Articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at movable joints.
Abduction
To move away from the midline of the body.
Synovial fluid
Fluid secreted by the synovial membrane; lubricates joint surfaces and nourishes articular cartilages.
Articulations
The junction of two or more bones.
Arthritis
Inflammation of the joints.
Extension
Movement that increases the angle of a joint, e.g., straightening a flexed knee.
Joints
The junction of two or more bones.
Intracapsular ligaments
Ligament located within and separate from the articular capsule of a synovial joint.
What is the primary material that binds bones together in fibrous joints?
Collagen fibers
Which type of joint is characterized by adjoining bones covered with articular cartilage and separated by a joint cavity?
Synovial
Which structural joint classification is known for having a joint cavity?
Synovial
What type of joint allows for free movement?
Diarthroses
Which functional joint classification is primarily found in the appendicular skeleton?
Diarthroses
Amphiarthroses joints are characterized by what level of movement?
Slightly movable
Which type of fibrous joint is held together by short collagen fibers and is immobile?
Suture
A joint that is slightly movable and united by fibrocartilage is known as a:
Symphysis
What type of synovial joint allows for a wide range of movements including rotation?
Ball-and-socket
Why are immovable and slightly movable joints predominantly found in the axial skeleton?
To provide stability
Which structural classification of joints is generally immovable?
Fibrous
The functional classification of joints is based on:
The amount of movement allowed at the joint
What characterizes the connective tissue in fibrous joints?
It consists of collagen fibers.
Why do most fibrous joints not allow movement?
Because the connective tissue fibers are short and rigid.
What is the primary reason fibrous joints are generally immovable?
The bones are connected by short collagen fibers of connective tissue.
What type of fibrous joint is found only between the bones of the skull?
Sutures
Which fibrous joint is characterized by a peg-in-socket arrangement?
Gomphoses
In which type of fibrous joint do the bones connect exclusively by ligaments?
Syndesmoses
What determines the amount of movement allowed in a syndesmosis joint?
The length of the connective tissue fibers.
Why do sutures allow no movement between the bones they connect?
Because the connective tissue fibers ossify into a rigid structure.
Which statement best describes the movement allowed by the fibrous joints connecting the distal ends of the tibia and fibula?
Little to no movement is allowed, a characteristic described as “give.”
Why are the immovable nature of sutures considered a protective adaptation?
Movement of cranial bones could damage the brain.
What happens to the fibrous tissue in sutures during middle age?
It ossifies, and the skull bones fuse into a single unit.
How does the length of connective tissue fibers in a gomphosis contribute to its function?
The short fibers keep the teeth securely in their sockets.
What characterizes the articulating bones in cartilaginous joints?
They are united by cartilage.
Which of the following is NOT a feature of cartilaginous joints?
Highly movable
Cartilaginous joints are similar to fibrous joints in that they both:
Lack a joint cavity.
What type of cartilage unites the bones in a synchondrosis?
Hyaline cartilage
Which of the following is a characteristic of symphyses?
They permit a limited amount of movement.
Synchondroses are generally considered to be:
Synarthrotic joints.
The epiphyseal plates in the long bones of children are an example of which type of cartilaginous joint?
Synchondrosis
Which of the following is an example of a symphysis?
The intervertebral joints.
The pubic symphysis of the pelvis is designed for:
Strength with limited movement.
What is a unique feature of synovial joints?
Fluid-filled joint cavity
Which of the following best describes the function of synovial fluid?
To reduce friction and nourish joint tissues
What is the role of articular cartilage in synovial joints?
To absorb compression and prevent bone ends from crushing
What is the primary function of bursae in synovial joints?
To reduce friction between adjacent structures
How do tendon sheaths differ from bursae?
Tendon sheaths wrap completely around tendons, acting like a lubricated sleeve
Which factor contributes least to the stability of a synovial joint?
Color of the synovial fluid
How does muscle tone contribute to joint stability?
By keeping muscle tendons tense, reinforcing the joint
What movement decreases the angle between two bones at a joint?
Flexion
Which movement involves turning a bone around its own long axis?
Rotation
Which type of synovial joint allows for movement in two planes?
Saddle joint
What type of movement is primarily associated with hinge joints?
Flexion and extension
Which synovial joint type offers the greatest range of motion?
Ball-and-socket joint
What type of movement is unique to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) among mammals?
Lateral excursion
The temporomandibular joint is classified as which type of joint?
Modified hinge joint
What structure divides the synovial cavity of the TMJ into superior and inferior compartments?
Articular disc
Which muscle tendon acts as the “superstabilizer” of the shoulder joint?
Tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle
What contributes most to the stability of the shoulder joint?
Muscle tendons crossing the joint
The shoulder joint is known for sacrificing what to provide its wide range of motion?
Stability
What primarily stabilizes the elbow joint?
The close gripping of the trochlea by the ulna’s trochlear notch
The elbow joint allows for which types of movements?
Flexion and extension only
Which ligaments restrict side-to-side movements at the elbow joint?
Ulnar collateral and radial collateral ligaments
What enhances the depth of the acetabulum in the hip joint?
Acetabular labrum
The stability of the hip joint primarily comes from which feature?
The deep socket that securely encloses the femoral head
Which ligament is not crucial in stabilizing the hip joint during most movements?
Ligament of the head of the femur
What is the primary function of the menisci in the knee joint?
To deepen the tibial articular surfaces and absorb shock
Which ligament prevents forward sliding of the tibia on the femur?
Anterior cruciate ligament
The knee’s built-in locking mechanism is primarily facilitated by which action?
The lateral rotation of the femur on the tibia by the popliteus muscle
What is the most common cause of cartilage tears in athletes?
Overuse and excessive exercise
Which procedure is commonly recommended for the removal of damaged cartilage?
Arthroscopic surgery
What is a common consequence of completely removing the meniscus in the knee?
Early onset of osteoarthritis
How do partially torn ligaments typically heal?
Slowly, because ligaments are poorly vascularized
What is a dislocation?
Bones forced out of alignment
Which condition is characterized by inflammation of a bursa?
Bursitis
What is the most common initial symptom of all forms of arthritis?
Pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joint
Which type of arthritis is known as “wear-and-tear arthritis”?
Osteoarthritis
What is a distinguishing feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
It affects the joints bilaterally and symmetrically
What triggers the painful attacks in gouty arthritis?
Deposition of needle-shaped urate crystals in joints
How is Lyme disease primarily transmitted?
By the bite of infected ticks
Which symptom is most characteristic of Lyme disease?
Joint pain and arthritis, especially in the knees
What is the most effective treatment for Lyme disease?
Antibiotic therapy
At what stage of human development do synovial joints first resemble their adult form and arrangement?
Week 8 of embryonic development
Which of the following best describes the effect of regular use on a child’s joints?
Joints develop thicker capsules, ligaments, and larger bony supports
What is a common joint condition that increases in incidence during the middle years?
Rheumatoid arthritis
How does exercise benefit joint health according to the passage?
By maintaining flexibility, nourishing cartilages, and strengthening stabilizing muscles
Why is exercising in water beneficial for joint health?
The buoyancy of water relieves much of the stress on weight-bearing joints
According to the passage, what is the key to postponing the immobilizing effects of aging on joints?
Regular stretching and aerobic exercises that move joints through their full range of motion
What is the passage’s stance on the prevention and correction of joint problems?
It is easier to prevent joint problems than to cure or correct them
What is the recommended approach to exercising for joint health?
Exercising prudently to avoid excessive or abusive use of the joints
What is a characteristic progression of ankylosing spondylitis?
It usually begins in the sacroiliac joints and progresses superiorly along the spine.
Which population is most commonly affected by ankylosing spondylitis?
Males, typically starting in young adulthood
What is a major consequence of ankylosing spondylitis on the spine?
The vertebrae become interconnected by fibrous tissue, causing the spine to become rigid.
What is the focus of arthrology?
The study of joints
What does arthroplasty involve?
Replacing a diseased joint with an artificial joint
What is a common symptom of chondromalacia patellae?
A sharp pain in the knee when the leg is extended
What often causes chondromalacia patellae?
Persistent rubbing of the patella against the femur due to uneven pull by the quadriceps femoris
Which group is most often seen with chondromalacia patellae?
Adolescent athletes
What does the term rheumatism commonly refer to?
Diseases involving muscle or joint pain, such as arthritis and bursitis
What is synovitis?
Inflammation of the synovial membrane of a joint
What can cause synovitis?
Injury, infection, or arthritis
What is a symptom of synovitis?
Excess synovial fluid accumulates in the joint cavity, causing swelling
Which of the following best describes the structural classification of joints in the human body?
Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
What is a unique feature of synovial joints compared to other types of joints?
They have a joint cavity.
Which functional classification of joints is characterized by allowing no movement?
Synarthrotic
Sutures, found in the skull, are an example of which type of fibrous joint?
Sutures
Which type of cartilaginous joint is characterized by allowing slight movement?
Symphyses
What is a common feature of all synovial joints?
They are reinforced by ligaments and have a synovial membrane.
Which structure in some synovial joints helps to absorb shock?
Fibrocartilage discs
Which factor is considered the most important in stabilizing many joints?
The tone of muscles whose tendons cross the joint
What type of movement is allowed by hinge joints?
Uniaxial
Which movement involves turning the palm upward?
Supination
What type of synovial joint allows for rotational movement in multiple planes?
Ball-and-socket joint
What is a common cause of cartilage injuries in athletes?
Compression and shear stress
Which condition is characterized by joint inflammation caused by urate salt deposits?
Gouty arthritis
At what life stage do symptoms of osteoarthritis typically begin to appear?
Late middle age
Which activity is suggested to delay the onset of arthritis symptoms?
Prudent exercise
