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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Marieb) > Ch. 8 Joints > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue connects bones in fibrous joints?

A

Collagen fibers of connective tissue

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2
Q

Which type of fibrous joint is found only between bones of the skull?

A

Sutures

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3
Q

What is the primary function of sutures in the skull?

A

To protect the brain by preventing movement of cranial bones

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4
Q

Which type of fibrous joint connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula?

A

Syndesmoses

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5
Q

What type of fibrous joint is a peg-in-socket joint?

A

Gomphoses

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6
Q

What is the fibrous connection in a gomphosis joint?

A

Periodontal ligament

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7
Q

Which type of joint forms a connection between the distal ends of the ulna and radius?

A

Syndesmoses

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8
Q

Which of the following types of joints typically ossifies as one ages?

A

Sutures

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9
Q

What type of cartilage connects the bones in synchondroses?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

Which of the following is an example of a synchondrosis?

A

Epiphyseal plates in long bones of children

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11
Q

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?

A

Symphysis

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12
Q

What type of movement is allowed by symphyses?

A

Limited movement

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13
Q

What is the primary function of fibrocartilage in symphyses?

A

Acts as a shock absorber

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14
Q

Which of the following joints is classified as amphiarthrotic?

A

Intervertebral joints

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15
Q

What type of joint is formed between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum?

A

Synchondrosis

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16
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Bones united by cartilage; no joint cavity is present.

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17
Q

Sprain

A

Ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn.

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18
Q

Symphysis

A

A joint in which the bones are connected by fibrocartilage.

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19
Q

Supination

A

The outward rotation of the forearm causing palms to face anteriorly.

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20
Q

Ligaments

A

Band of dense regular connective tissue that connects bones.

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21
Q

Syndesmoses

A

A joint in which the bones are united by a ligament or a sheet of fibrous tissue.

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22
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement of a body part so that it outlines a cone in space.

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23
Q

Articular capsule

A

Double-layered capsule composed of an outer fibrous layer lined by synovial membrane; encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint.

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24
Q

Synostoses

A

A completely ossified joint; a fused joint.

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25
Q

Synovial joints

A

Freely movable joint exhibiting a joint cavity; also called a diarthrosis.

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26
Q

Synarthroses

A

Immovable joint.

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27
Q

Arthroscopic surgery

A

Procedure enabling a surgeon to repair the interior of a joint through a small incision.

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28
Q

Diarthroses

A

Freely movable joint.

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29
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity is present.

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30
Q

Rotation

A

Movement at a synovial joint in which a bone turns around its own long axis.

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31
Q

Insertion

A

Movable attachment of a muscle.

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32
Q

Dislocation (luxation)

A

Occurs when bones are forced out of their normal alignment at a joint.

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33
Q

Bursae

A

A fibrous sac lined with synovial membrane and containing synovial fluid; occurs between bones and muscle tendons (or other structures), where it acts to decrease friction during movement.

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34
Q

Tendonitis

A

Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse.

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35
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body.

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36
Q

Bursitis

A

Inflammation of a bursa.

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37
Q

Sutures

A

An immovable fibrous joint; with one exception, all bones of the skull are united by sutures.

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38
Q

Flexion

A

Movement that decreases the angle of the joint, e.g., bending the knee from a straight to an angled position.

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39
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

A slightly movable joint.

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40
Q

Synchondrosis

A

A joint in which the bones are united by hyaline cartilage.

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41
Q

Pronation

A

Inward rotation of the forearm causing the radius to cross diagonally over the ulna—palms face posteriorly.

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42
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage covering bone ends at movable joints.

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43
Q

Abduction

A

To move away from the midline of the body.

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44
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Fluid secreted by the synovial membrane; lubricates joint surfaces and nourishes articular cartilages.

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45
Q

Articulations

A

The junction of two or more bones.

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46
Q

Arthritis

A

Inflammation of the joints.

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47
Q

Extension

A

Movement that increases the angle of a joint, e.g., straightening a flexed knee.

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48
Q

Joints

A

The junction of two or more bones.

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49
Q

Intracapsular ligaments

A

Ligament located within and separate from the articular capsule of a synovial joint.

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50
Q

What is the primary material that binds bones together in fibrous joints?

A

Collagen fibers

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51
Q

Which type of joint is characterized by adjoining bones covered with articular cartilage and separated by a joint cavity?

A

Synovial

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52
Q

Which structural joint classification is known for having a joint cavity?

A

Synovial

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53
Q

What type of joint allows for free movement?

A

Diarthroses

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54
Q

Which functional joint classification is primarily found in the appendicular skeleton?

A

Diarthroses

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55
Q

Amphiarthroses joints are characterized by what level of movement?

A

Slightly movable

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56
Q

Which type of fibrous joint is held together by short collagen fibers and is immobile?

A

Suture

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57
Q

A joint that is slightly movable and united by fibrocartilage is known as a:

A

Symphysis

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58
Q

What type of synovial joint allows for a wide range of movements including rotation?

A

Ball-and-socket

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59
Q

Why are immovable and slightly movable joints predominantly found in the axial skeleton?

A

To provide stability

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60
Q

Which structural classification of joints is generally immovable?

A

Fibrous

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61
Q

The functional classification of joints is based on:

A

The amount of movement allowed at the joint

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62
Q

What characterizes the connective tissue in fibrous joints?

A

It consists of collagen fibers.

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63
Q

Why do most fibrous joints not allow movement?

A

Because the connective tissue fibers are short and rigid.

64
Q

What is the primary reason fibrous joints are generally immovable?

A

The bones are connected by short collagen fibers of connective tissue.

65
Q

What type of fibrous joint is found only between the bones of the skull?

A

Sutures

66
Q

Which fibrous joint is characterized by a peg-in-socket arrangement?

A

Gomphoses

67
Q

In which type of fibrous joint do the bones connect exclusively by ligaments?

A

Syndesmoses

68
Q

What determines the amount of movement allowed in a syndesmosis joint?

A

The length of the connective tissue fibers.

69
Q

Why do sutures allow no movement between the bones they connect?

A

Because the connective tissue fibers ossify into a rigid structure.

70
Q

Which statement best describes the movement allowed by the fibrous joints connecting the distal ends of the tibia and fibula?

A

Little to no movement is allowed, a characteristic described as “give.”

71
Q

Why are the immovable nature of sutures considered a protective adaptation?

A

Movement of cranial bones could damage the brain.

72
Q

What happens to the fibrous tissue in sutures during middle age?

A

It ossifies, and the skull bones fuse into a single unit.

73
Q

How does the length of connective tissue fibers in a gomphosis contribute to its function?

A

The short fibers keep the teeth securely in their sockets.

74
Q

What characterizes the articulating bones in cartilaginous joints?

A

They are united by cartilage.

75
Q

Which of the following is NOT a feature of cartilaginous joints?

A

Highly movable

76
Q

Cartilaginous joints are similar to fibrous joints in that they both:

A

Lack a joint cavity.

77
Q

What type of cartilage unites the bones in a synchondrosis?

A

Hyaline cartilage

78
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of symphyses?

A

They permit a limited amount of movement.

79
Q

Synchondroses are generally considered to be:

A

Synarthrotic joints.

80
Q

The epiphyseal plates in the long bones of children are an example of which type of cartilaginous joint?

A

Synchondrosis

81
Q

Which of the following is an example of a symphysis?

A

The intervertebral joints.

82
Q

The pubic symphysis of the pelvis is designed for:

A

Strength with limited movement.

83
Q

What is a unique feature of synovial joints?

A

Fluid-filled joint cavity

84
Q

Which of the following best describes the function of synovial fluid?

A

To reduce friction and nourish joint tissues

85
Q

What is the role of articular cartilage in synovial joints?

A

To absorb compression and prevent bone ends from crushing

86
Q

What is the primary function of bursae in synovial joints?

A

To reduce friction between adjacent structures

87
Q

How do tendon sheaths differ from bursae?

A

Tendon sheaths wrap completely around tendons, acting like a lubricated sleeve

88
Q

Which factor contributes least to the stability of a synovial joint?

A

Color of the synovial fluid

89
Q

How does muscle tone contribute to joint stability?

A

By keeping muscle tendons tense, reinforcing the joint

90
Q

What movement decreases the angle between two bones at a joint?

A

Flexion

91
Q

Which movement involves turning a bone around its own long axis?

A

Rotation

92
Q

Which type of synovial joint allows for movement in two planes?

A

Saddle joint

93
Q

What type of movement is primarily associated with hinge joints?

A

Flexion and extension

94
Q

Which synovial joint type offers the greatest range of motion?

A

Ball-and-socket joint

95
Q

What type of movement is unique to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) among mammals?

A

Lateral excursion

96
Q

The temporomandibular joint is classified as which type of joint?

A

Modified hinge joint

97
Q

What structure divides the synovial cavity of the TMJ into superior and inferior compartments?

A

Articular disc

98
Q

Which muscle tendon acts as the “superstabilizer” of the shoulder joint?

A

Tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle

99
Q

What contributes most to the stability of the shoulder joint?

A

Muscle tendons crossing the joint

100
Q

The shoulder joint is known for sacrificing what to provide its wide range of motion?

A

Stability

101
Q

What primarily stabilizes the elbow joint?

A

The close gripping of the trochlea by the ulna’s trochlear notch

102
Q

The elbow joint allows for which types of movements?

A

Flexion and extension only

103
Q

Which ligaments restrict side-to-side movements at the elbow joint?

A

Ulnar collateral and radial collateral ligaments

104
Q

What enhances the depth of the acetabulum in the hip joint?

A

Acetabular labrum

105
Q

The stability of the hip joint primarily comes from which feature?

A

The deep socket that securely encloses the femoral head

106
Q

Which ligament is not crucial in stabilizing the hip joint during most movements?

A

Ligament of the head of the femur

107
Q

What is the primary function of the menisci in the knee joint?

A

To deepen the tibial articular surfaces and absorb shock

108
Q

Which ligament prevents forward sliding of the tibia on the femur?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament

109
Q

The knee’s built-in locking mechanism is primarily facilitated by which action?

A

The lateral rotation of the femur on the tibia by the popliteus muscle

110
Q

What is the most common cause of cartilage tears in athletes?

A

Overuse and excessive exercise

111
Q

Which procedure is commonly recommended for the removal of damaged cartilage?

A

Arthroscopic surgery

112
Q

What is a common consequence of completely removing the meniscus in the knee?

A

Early onset of osteoarthritis

113
Q

How do partially torn ligaments typically heal?

A

Slowly, because ligaments are poorly vascularized

114
Q

What is a dislocation?

A

Bones forced out of alignment

115
Q

Which condition is characterized by inflammation of a bursa?

A

Bursitis

116
Q

What is the most common initial symptom of all forms of arthritis?

A

Pain, stiffness, and swelling of the joint

117
Q

Which type of arthritis is known as “wear-and-tear arthritis”?

A

Osteoarthritis

118
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

A

It affects the joints bilaterally and symmetrically

119
Q

What triggers the painful attacks in gouty arthritis?

A

Deposition of needle-shaped urate crystals in joints

120
Q

How is Lyme disease primarily transmitted?

A

By the bite of infected ticks

121
Q

Which symptom is most characteristic of Lyme disease?

A

Joint pain and arthritis, especially in the knees

122
Q

What is the most effective treatment for Lyme disease?

A

Antibiotic therapy

123
Q

At what stage of human development do synovial joints first resemble their adult form and arrangement?

A

Week 8 of embryonic development

124
Q

Which of the following best describes the effect of regular use on a child’s joints?

A

Joints develop thicker capsules, ligaments, and larger bony supports

125
Q

What is a common joint condition that increases in incidence during the middle years?

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

126
Q

How does exercise benefit joint health according to the passage?

A

By maintaining flexibility, nourishing cartilages, and strengthening stabilizing muscles

127
Q

Why is exercising in water beneficial for joint health?

A

The buoyancy of water relieves much of the stress on weight-bearing joints

128
Q

According to the passage, what is the key to postponing the immobilizing effects of aging on joints?

A

Regular stretching and aerobic exercises that move joints through their full range of motion

129
Q

What is the passage’s stance on the prevention and correction of joint problems?

A

It is easier to prevent joint problems than to cure or correct them

130
Q

What is the recommended approach to exercising for joint health?

A

Exercising prudently to avoid excessive or abusive use of the joints

131
Q

What is a characteristic progression of ankylosing spondylitis?

A

It usually begins in the sacroiliac joints and progresses superiorly along the spine.

132
Q

Which population is most commonly affected by ankylosing spondylitis?

A

Males, typically starting in young adulthood

133
Q

What is a major consequence of ankylosing spondylitis on the spine?

A

The vertebrae become interconnected by fibrous tissue, causing the spine to become rigid.

134
Q

What is the focus of arthrology?

A

The study of joints

135
Q

What does arthroplasty involve?

A

Replacing a diseased joint with an artificial joint

136
Q

What is a common symptom of chondromalacia patellae?

A

A sharp pain in the knee when the leg is extended

137
Q

What often causes chondromalacia patellae?

A

Persistent rubbing of the patella against the femur due to uneven pull by the quadriceps femoris

138
Q

Which group is most often seen with chondromalacia patellae?

A

Adolescent athletes

139
Q

What does the term rheumatism commonly refer to?

A

Diseases involving muscle or joint pain, such as arthritis and bursitis

140
Q

What is synovitis?

A

Inflammation of the synovial membrane of a joint

141
Q

What can cause synovitis?

A

Injury, infection, or arthritis

142
Q

What is a symptom of synovitis?

A

Excess synovial fluid accumulates in the joint cavity, causing swelling

143
Q

Which of the following best describes the structural classification of joints in the human body?

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

144
Q

What is a unique feature of synovial joints compared to other types of joints?

A

They have a joint cavity.

145
Q

Which functional classification of joints is characterized by allowing no movement?

A

Synarthrotic

146
Q

Sutures, found in the skull, are an example of which type of fibrous joint?

A

Sutures

147
Q

Which type of cartilaginous joint is characterized by allowing slight movement?

A

Symphyses

148
Q

What is a common feature of all synovial joints?

A

They are reinforced by ligaments and have a synovial membrane.

149
Q

Which structure in some synovial joints helps to absorb shock?

A

Fibrocartilage discs

150
Q

Which factor is considered the most important in stabilizing many joints?

A

The tone of muscles whose tendons cross the joint

151
Q

What type of movement is allowed by hinge joints?

A

Uniaxial

152
Q

Which movement involves turning the palm upward?

A

Supination

153
Q

What type of synovial joint allows for rotational movement in multiple planes?

A

Ball-and-socket joint

154
Q

What is a common cause of cartilage injuries in athletes?

A

Compression and shear stress

155
Q

Which condition is characterized by joint inflammation caused by urate salt deposits?

A

Gouty arthritis

156
Q

At what life stage do symptoms of osteoarthritis typically begin to appear?

A

Late middle age

157
Q

Which activity is suggested to delay the onset of arthritis symptoms?

A

Prudent exercise

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Marieb) (10 decks)

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