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Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Marieb) > Ch. 1 The Human Body: Orientation > Flashcards

Ch. 1 The Human Body: Orientation Flashcards

1
Q

Receptor (re-sep′tor)

A

(1) A cell or nerve ending of a sensory neuron specialized to respond to particular types of stimuli
(2) protein that binds specifically with other molecules, e.g., neurotransmitters, hormones, paracrines, antigens.

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2
Q

Diaphragm (di′ah-fram)

A

(1) Any partition or wall separating one area from another
(2) a muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the lower abdominopelvic cavity.

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3
Q

Oblique sections

A

A cut made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical plane of the body or an organ.

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4
Q

Cross section

A

A cut running horizontally from right to left, dividing the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts.

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5
Q

What is homeostatic imbalance?

A

A disturbance in homeostasis that can lead to disease

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6
Q

Viscera

A

A group of internal organs housed in the ventral body cavity.

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7
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function; e.g., the nervous system.

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8
Q

Transverse plane

A

A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

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9
Q

Sagittal plane (saj′ĭ-tal)

A

A longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions.

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10
Q

Negative Feedback

A

A mechanism that counteracts a change from the normal state to maintain homeostasis.

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11
Q

Organ

A

A part of the body formed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a specific function; e.g., the stomach.

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12
Q

Digestion

A

A series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are broken down to their building blocks by enzymes.

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13
Q

Anatomical Position

A

A standard position in which the body is standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.

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14
Q

Homeostasis (ho″me-o-sta′sis)

A

A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body.

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15
Q

Embryology

A

A subdivision of developmental anatomy that concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.

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16
Q

Digital Subtraction Angiography

A

A technique for visualizing blood vessels by X-ray or CT scan, requiring an X-ray-absorbing contrast agent and digital subtraction of images.

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17
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

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18
Q

Sagittal plane

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

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19
Q

Parasagittal planes

A

All sagittal planes offset from the midline.

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20
Q

What is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another?

A

Anatomy

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21
Q

What does the term ‘axillary’ refer to?

A

Armpit

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22
Q

What does Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) primarily visualize?

A

Blood vessels

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23
Q

What are body cavities?

A

Body cavities are spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs.

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24
Q

Histology (his-tol′o-je)

A

Branch of anatomy dealing with the microscopic structure of tissues.

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25
Q

How does negative feedback maintain homeostasis?

A

By reducing the output or activity of any organ or system back to its normal range of functioning

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26
Q

What is a major con of MRI?

A

Cannot be used in patients with most types of metal implants

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27
Q

Which organ system is responsible for circulating blood through blood vessels?

A

Cardiovascular system

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28
Q

Which term refers to the head and face region?

A

Cephalic

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29
Q

What is the simplest level of structural organization in the human body?

A

Chemical level

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30
Q

Nutrients

A

Chemical substances taken in via the diet that are used for energy and cell building.

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31
Q

What is the correct order of the levels of structural organization from simplest to most complex?

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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32
Q

Serous fluid (sēr′us)

A

Clear, watery fluid secreted by cells of a serous membrane.

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33
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

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34
Q

What does the term ‘proximal’ mean?

A

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

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35
Q

Computed Tomography (CT) Scans

A

Computerized reconstruction of a series of X-ray images providing detailed cross-sectional pictures of scanned body regions.

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36
Q

Which tissue type supports and protects body organs?

A

Connective tissue

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37
Q

Which body cavity contains the brain?

A

Cranial cavity

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38
Q

Which imaging method is less useful for nervous tissue and joint structures?

A

CT Scan

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39
Q

Which imaging technique provides detailed cross-sectional pictures of scanned body regions?

A

CT Scan

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40
Q

What is the study of cells called?

A

Cytology

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41
Q

What is a common use of Digital Subtraction Angiography?

A

Detecting blood vessel abnormalities such as blockages in the arteries that supply the heart

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42
Q

What is a common use of PET scans?

A

Detecting the spread of cancer

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43
Q

Excretion (ek-skre′shun)

A

Elimination of waste products from the body.

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44
Q

What is the study of developmental changes that occur before birth?

A

Embryology

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45
Q

Which organ system is responsible for secreting hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolism?

A

Endocrine system

46
Q

What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

A

Enhancement of labor contractions during birth

47
Q

What type of tissue covers the body surface and lines its cavities?

A

Epithelial tissue

48
Q

What are the four basic tissue types in the human body?

A

Epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue

49
Q

What does the term ‘distal’ mean?

A

Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

50
Q

Positive feedback mechanisms

A

Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as an initial change.

51
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

Force that air exerts on the surface of the body (760 mm Hg at sea level).

52
Q

How many quadrants are there in the abdominopelvic cavity?

A

Four

53
Q

What type of cut would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts?

A

Frontal (coronal) plane

54
Q

Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?

A

Frontal (coronal) plane

55
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the 11 organ systems of the human body?

A

Genetic system

56
Q

What is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye?

A

Gross anatomy

57
Q

Which subdivision of anatomy studies tissues of the body?

A

Histology

58
Q

What is a limitation of ultrasound imaging?

A

Images tend to be lower resolution

59
Q

Coronal plane

A

Longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts.

60
Q

Frontal planes

A

Longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts.

61
Q

Which imaging technique uses powerful magnets and radio waves?

A

MRI

62
Q

Contractility

A

Muscle cell′s ability to move by shortening.

63
Q

Effector (ef-ek′ter)

A

Muscle or gland (or other organ) capable of being activated by nerve endings.

64
Q

Umbilicus (um-bĭ′lĭ-kus)

A

Navel; marks site where umbilical cord was attached in fetal stage.

65
Q

Which systems primarily communicate to maintain homeostasis?

A

Nervous and endocrine systems

66
Q

Which tissue type provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses?

A

Nervous tissue

67
Q

At which level of structural organization do organs work together to accomplish a common purpose?

A

Organ system level

68
Q

What are the basic components of cells called?

A

Organelles

69
Q

What is the highest level of structural organization in the human body?

A

Organismal level

70
Q

Which imaging technique uses gamma rays emitted by radioactively tagged tracer molecules?

A

PET Scan

71
Q

Which term refers to the sole of the foot?

A

Plantar

72
Q

Which term describes the position of the heart relative to the breastbone?

A

Posterior

73
Q

What is the principle that states function always reflects structure?

A

Principle of complementarity

74
Q

The knee is _ to the ankle.

A

Proximal

75
Q

What is a major con of X-ray imaging?

A

Radiation exposure

76
Q

What is the study of internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures?

A

Radiographic anatomy

77
Q

Cephalic region

A

Refers to the head and face.

78
Q

Appendicular

A

Relating to the limbs; one of the two major divisions of the skeleton.

79
Q

Which branch of physiology concerns kidney function and urine production?

A

Renal physiology

80
Q

Median plane

A

Specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline.

81
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

Specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline.

82
Q

Physiology (fiz″e-ol′o-je)

A

Study of the function of living organisms.

83
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the structure of living organisms.

84
Q

Metabolism (mĕ-tab′o-lizm)

A

Sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in the body cells.

85
Q

What happens when body temperature rises above the homeostatic range?

A

Sweat glands produce sweat to lower body temperature

86
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

The body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body.

87
Q

What does physiology concern itself with?

A

The function of body parts and how they carry out life-sustaining activities

88
Q

Organismal level

A

The highest level of structural organization, representing the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

89
Q

Organ level

A

The level of structural organization where an organ is composed of at least two different types of tissues

90
Q

Organ system level

A

The level of structural organization where different organs work together to accomplish a common purpose

91
Q

Cellular level

A

The level of structural organization where molecules combine to form cells

92
Q

Tissue level

A

The level of structural organization where similar types of cells combine to form tissues

93
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

94
Q

Mediastinum (me″de-ah-sti′num)

A

The medial cavity of the thorax containing the heart, great vessels, thymus, and parts of the trachea, bronchi, and esophagus.

95
Q

Negative feedback mechanisms

A

The most common homeostatic control mechanism. The net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.

96
Q

Visceral serosa (se-ro′sah)

A

The part of the double-layered membrane that lines the outer surfaces of organs within the ventral body cavity.

97
Q

Parietal serosa

A

The part of the double-layered membrane that lines the walls of the ventral body cavity.

98
Q

Complementarity of structure and function

A

The relationship between a structure and its function; i.e., structure determines function.

99
Q

Chemical level

A

The simplest level of structural organization, where atoms combine to form molecules

100
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys.

101
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

The study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

102
Q

What does neurophysiology study?

A

The workings of the nervous system

103
Q

What is a con of Digital Subtraction Angiography?

A

Time-consuming and expensive

104
Q

Which level of structural organization is composed of similar types of cells?

A

Tissue level

105
Q

What is the role of the effector in a homeostatic control mechanism?

A

To carry out the control center’s response to the stimulus

106
Q

What is the role of a receptor in a homeostatic control mechanism?

A

To detect changes in the environment

107
Q

What is the role of the control center in a homeostatic control mechanism?

A

To determine the set point and process input

108
Q

Which imaging technique is thought to be safe for imaging a developing fetus?

A

Ultrasound Imaging

109
Q

Ultrasound Imaging

A

Uses high-frequency sound waves that reflect off the body’s tissues to create images, often used for monitoring a fetus during pregnancy.

110
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

Uses powerful magnets and radio waves to image the location of hydrogen atoms in the body, producing high-contrast images of soft tissues.

111
Q

What type of imaging uses very short-wavelength electromagnetic waves?

A

X-Ray Imaging

112
Q

Which imaging technique is primarily used for detecting broken bones?

A

X-Ray Imaging

Human Anatomy & Physiology 1 (Marieb) (10 decks)

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