Ch. 1 The Human Body: Orientation Flashcards
Receptor (re-sep′tor)
(1) A cell or nerve ending of a sensory neuron specialized to respond to particular types of stimuli
(2) protein that binds specifically with other molecules, e.g., neurotransmitters, hormones, paracrines, antigens.
Diaphragm (di′ah-fram)
(1) Any partition or wall separating one area from another
(2) a muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the lower abdominopelvic cavity.
Oblique sections
A cut made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical plane of the body or an organ.
Cross section
A cut running horizontally from right to left, dividing the body or an organ into superior and inferior parts.
What is homeostatic imbalance?
A disturbance in homeostasis that can lead to disease
Viscera
A group of internal organs housed in the ventral body cavity.
Organ system
A group of organs that work together to perform a vital body function; e.g., the nervous system.
Transverse plane
A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
Sagittal plane (saj′ĭ-tal)
A longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or any of its parts into right and left portions.
Negative Feedback
A mechanism that counteracts a change from the normal state to maintain homeostasis.
Organ
A part of the body formed of two or more tissues and adapted to carry out a specific function; e.g., the stomach.
Digestion
A series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are broken down to their building blocks by enzymes.
Anatomical Position
A standard position in which the body is standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.
Homeostasis (ho″me-o-sta′sis)
A state of body equilibrium or stable internal environment of the body.
Embryology
A subdivision of developmental anatomy that concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.
Digital Subtraction Angiography
A technique for visualizing blood vessels by X-ray or CT scan, requiring an X-ray-absorbing contrast agent and digital subtraction of images.
Frontal (coronal) plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
Sagittal plane
A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.
Parasagittal planes
All sagittal planes offset from the midline.
What is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another?
Anatomy
What does the term ‘axillary’ refer to?
Armpit
What does Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) primarily visualize?
Blood vessels
What are body cavities?
Body cavities are spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs.
Histology (his-tol′o-je)
Branch of anatomy dealing with the microscopic structure of tissues.
How does negative feedback maintain homeostasis?
By reducing the output or activity of any organ or system back to its normal range of functioning
What is a major con of MRI?
Cannot be used in patients with most types of metal implants
Which organ system is responsible for circulating blood through blood vessels?
Cardiovascular system
Which term refers to the head and face region?
Cephalic
What is the simplest level of structural organization in the human body?
Chemical level
Nutrients
Chemical substances taken in via the diet that are used for energy and cell building.
What is the correct order of the levels of structural organization from simplest to most complex?
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Serous fluid (sēr′us)
Clear, watery fluid secreted by cells of a serous membrane.
Proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
What does the term ‘proximal’ mean?
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
Computed Tomography (CT) Scans
Computerized reconstruction of a series of X-ray images providing detailed cross-sectional pictures of scanned body regions.
Which tissue type supports and protects body organs?
Connective tissue
Which body cavity contains the brain?
Cranial cavity
Which imaging method is less useful for nervous tissue and joint structures?
CT Scan
Which imaging technique provides detailed cross-sectional pictures of scanned body regions?
CT Scan
What is the study of cells called?
Cytology
What is a common use of Digital Subtraction Angiography?
Detecting blood vessel abnormalities such as blockages in the arteries that supply the heart
What is a common use of PET scans?
Detecting the spread of cancer
Excretion (ek-skre′shun)
Elimination of waste products from the body.
What is the study of developmental changes that occur before birth?
Embryology
Which organ system is responsible for secreting hormones that regulate growth, development, and metabolism?
Endocrine system
What is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?
Enhancement of labor contractions during birth
What type of tissue covers the body surface and lines its cavities?
Epithelial tissue
What are the four basic tissue types in the human body?
Epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, and nervous tissue
What does the term ‘distal’ mean?
Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
Positive feedback mechanisms
Feedback that tends to cause the level of a variable to change in the same direction as an initial change.
Atmospheric pressure
Force that air exerts on the surface of the body (760 mm Hg at sea level).
How many quadrants are there in the abdominopelvic cavity?
Four
What type of cut would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts?
Frontal (coronal) plane
Which plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
Frontal (coronal) plane
Which of the following is NOT one of the 11 organ systems of the human body?
Genetic system
What is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye?
Gross anatomy
Which subdivision of anatomy studies tissues of the body?
Histology
What is a limitation of ultrasound imaging?
Images tend to be lower resolution
Coronal plane
Longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts.
Frontal planes
Longitudinal (vertical) plane that divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior parts.
Which imaging technique uses powerful magnets and radio waves?
MRI
Contractility
Muscle cell′s ability to move by shortening.
Effector (ef-ek′ter)
Muscle or gland (or other organ) capable of being activated by nerve endings.
Umbilicus (um-bĭ′lĭ-kus)
Navel; marks site where umbilical cord was attached in fetal stage.
Which systems primarily communicate to maintain homeostasis?
Nervous and endocrine systems
Which tissue type provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses?
Nervous tissue
At which level of structural organization do organs work together to accomplish a common purpose?
Organ system level
What are the basic components of cells called?
Organelles
What is the highest level of structural organization in the human body?
Organismal level
Which imaging technique uses gamma rays emitted by radioactively tagged tracer molecules?
PET Scan
Which term refers to the sole of the foot?
Plantar
Which term describes the position of the heart relative to the breastbone?
Posterior
What is the principle that states function always reflects structure?
Principle of complementarity
The knee is _ to the ankle.
Proximal
What is a major con of X-ray imaging?
Radiation exposure
What is the study of internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures?
Radiographic anatomy
Cephalic region
Refers to the head and face.
Appendicular
Relating to the limbs; one of the two major divisions of the skeleton.
Which branch of physiology concerns kidney function and urine production?
Renal physiology
Median plane
Specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline.
Midsagittal plane
Specific sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline.
Physiology (fiz″e-ol′o-je)
Study of the function of living organisms.
Anatomy
Study of the structure of living organisms.
Metabolism (mĕ-tab′o-lizm)
Sum total of the chemical reactions occurring in the body cells.
What happens when body temperature rises above the homeostatic range?
Sweat glands produce sweat to lower body temperature
What is the anatomical position?
The body is erect with feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, and thumbs pointing away from the body.
What does physiology concern itself with?
The function of body parts and how they carry out life-sustaining activities
Organismal level
The highest level of structural organization, representing the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive
Organ level
The level of structural organization where an organ is composed of at least two different types of tissues
Organ system level
The level of structural organization where different organs work together to accomplish a common purpose
Cellular level
The level of structural organization where molecules combine to form cells
Tissue level
The level of structural organization where similar types of cells combine to form tissues
What is homeostasis?
The maintenance of a stable internal environment
Mediastinum (me″de-ah-sti′num)
The medial cavity of the thorax containing the heart, great vessels, thymus, and parts of the trachea, bronchi, and esophagus.
Negative feedback mechanisms
The most common homeostatic control mechanism. The net effect is that the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity.
Visceral serosa (se-ro′sah)
The part of the double-layered membrane that lines the outer surfaces of organs within the ventral body cavity.
Parietal serosa
The part of the double-layered membrane that lines the walls of the ventral body cavity.
Complementarity of structure and function
The relationship between a structure and its function; i.e., structure determines function.
Chemical level
The simplest level of structural organization, where atoms combine to form molecules
Gross Anatomy
The study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys.
Microscopic Anatomy
The study of structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.
What does neurophysiology study?
The workings of the nervous system
What is a con of Digital Subtraction Angiography?
Time-consuming and expensive
Which level of structural organization is composed of similar types of cells?
Tissue level
What is the role of the effector in a homeostatic control mechanism?
To carry out the control center’s response to the stimulus
What is the role of a receptor in a homeostatic control mechanism?
To detect changes in the environment
What is the role of the control center in a homeostatic control mechanism?
To determine the set point and process input
Which imaging technique is thought to be safe for imaging a developing fetus?
Ultrasound Imaging
Ultrasound Imaging
Uses high-frequency sound waves that reflect off the body’s tissues to create images, often used for monitoring a fetus during pregnancy.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Uses powerful magnets and radio waves to image the location of hydrogen atoms in the body, producing high-contrast images of soft tissues.
What type of imaging uses very short-wavelength electromagnetic waves?
X-Ray Imaging
Which imaging technique is primarily used for detecting broken bones?
X-Ray Imaging
