Ch. 9 - Joints Flashcards
What are the 3 structural classifications of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?
synarthrosis (immoveable), amphiarthrosis (slightly moveable), diarthrosis
What are 3 structural types of fibrous joints?
sutures, syndesmoses, interosseous membranes
What are 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
synchondroses, symphyses
What are some features of synovial joints?
- synovial cavity that separates bones
- diarthrosis; considerable movement
- articulating surfaces of bones covered by articular (hyaline) C
- does not bind bones together
What are the components of synovial joints?
articular capsules with fibrous membrane and synovial membrane layers
What is synovial fluid?
contains interstitial fluid contents and hyaluronic acid
- supplies Ccytes of articular C with O2 and nutrients via diffusion; lubricates joint to reduce friction; contains phagocytes to remove debris and microbes
What are accessory ligaments?
not part of synovial cavity; surrounding
What are articular discs? (menisci)
pads of fibroC that allow 2 bones of different shapes to fit tightly
What are bursae?
fluid filled sacs found outside synovial joints that reduce friction in some joints
*between skin, tendons, muscles, ligaments, bones
What are the 5 categories of movement?
gliding, angular, rotation, special movements of mandible, special movements of hands/feet
What are the 6 types of angular movements?
flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction
What are the 4 special movements of the mandible?
elevation, depression, protraction, retraction
What are the 5 special movements of hands/feet?
supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, opposition
What are the 5 special movements of hands/feet?
supination, pronation, dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, opposition
What other body parts have similar movements of the mandible?
shoulder, hyoid, ribs
What is the difference between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?
D - standing on heel, toes point up
P - standing on tip toes
What is opposition?
movement of thumb to touch fingertips on same hand
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
planar, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball-and-socket
What are planar joints?
biaxial or triaxial; allows gliding movement; no change in angles
e.g. intercarpal and intertarsal joints
What are hinge joints?
monoaxial; produces flexion and extension
e.g. knee, elbow, knuckles
What are pivot joints?
monoaxial; allows rotation around longitudinal axis
e.g. atlanto-axial joint
What are condyloid joints?
biaxial; allow flexion/extension or abduction/adduction –> circumduction
e.g. b/t radius and carpals
What are saddle joints?
biaxial; circumduction
e.g. carpometacarpal joint of hand
What are ball-and-socket joints?
triaxial; circumduction, rotation
e.g. shoulder, hip
What is the temporomandibular joint formed by?
condylar process of mandible, mandibular fossa, articular tubercle of temporal bone
What is the glenohumeral joint?
ball-and-socket; involves glenoid cavity of scapula and head of humerus
What is the elbow joint?
hinge joint; formed by humerus, radius, ulna
What is the coxal joint?
ball-and-socket; involves head of femur and acetebulum of hip bone
What is the tibiofemural joint?
largest and most complex joint in body; modified hinge joint; between femur, tibia, patella
What movements does the TMJ produce?
depression and elevation (hinge): protraction and retraction (planar)
What movements does the shoulder joint produce?
circumduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction of arm
What movements does the elbow joint produce?
flexion and extension of forearm
What movements does the hip joint produce?
circumduction, medial and lateral rotation of thigh
What are the 3 joints of the modified hinge in the knee joint?
LATERAL - hinge bt tibia and femur (lat condyle of femur and tibia, lateral meniscus)
MEDIAL - hinge bt tibia and femur (med condyle of femur and tibia, med miniscus)
PLANAR - gliding bt patella and femur
What movements does the knee joint produce?
flexion, extension, slight medial rotation, lateral rotation in flexed position
How do fibrous joints hold bones together?
dense CT; synarthroses or amphiarthroses
What are sutures?
thin layer of dense irregular tissue that unite bones of skull
What are syndesmoses?
S - more CT + distance bt articulating surfaces than suture; united by ligament (amphiarthrosis)
What are gomphosis? What kind of fibrous joint is it?
dentoalveolar joints bt teeth and sockets; syndesmosis (synarthrosis so adult teeth do not move!)
What is an interosseous membrane?
sheet of dense irregular CT binding neighbouring long bones (amphiarthrosis)
How do cartilaginous joints hold bones together?
tightly connected by fibroC or hyaline C; syn or amphi
How do synchondroses differ from symphyses?
synC - hyaline; synarthrosis
symP - fibrocartilage; amphiarthrosis
How do the fibrous and synovial membranes of the articular capsules differ?
F - dense irregular CT; attached to periosteum; joints with ligaments
S - inner lining of capsule; areolar CT with elastic fibres; secretes synovial fluid
What are bursae composed of?
outer fibrous membrane and inner synovial membrane
What are tendon sheaths?
tube-like bursae that wrap around certain tendons that experience friction; often found where a tendon passes through tunnels of CT and bone (e.g. wrist; carpal tunnel)
Along what planes do angular movements occur at?
sagittal - flexion, extension, hyperE
frontal - abduction, adduction
How does circumduction differ from rotation?
C - movement of distal end of body part in circle (combo of flex, ext, abd, add)
R - when bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
