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BIOL 1190 > Ch. 22 - The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Ch. 22 - The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Where are lacteals found and what is their function?

A

small intestine; carry dietary lipids into lymph vessels and ultimately into blood (lymph is known as chyle)

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2
Q

What is the function of the thoracic duct?

A

receives lymph from L&R lumbar and intestinal trunks

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3
Q

What is the function of the right lymphatic duct?

A

where lymph drains into venous blood

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4
Q

Where is the thymus located and what is its function?

A

mediastinum b/t sternum and aorta; site of T cell maturation

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5
Q

Where is the spleen located and what is its function?

A

b/t stomach and diaphragm; B/T cells carry out immune functions

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6
Q

What are the 3 tonsils and where are they located?

A

PALATINE - post. region of oral cavity
LINGUAL - base of tongue
PHARYNGEAL - post. wall of nasopharynx

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7
Q

Where can you find Peyer’s patches?

A

ileum of small intestine, appendix

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8
Q

What are 3 mechanisms that cause lymph to move back toward the heart?

A
  1. respiratory pump
  2. skeletal muscle pump
  3. valves in lymphatic vessels
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9
Q

How does the respiratory pump move lymph towards the heart?

A

pressure changes during inhalation/exhalation; lymph moves from abdominal region to thoracic region

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10
Q

How does the skeletal muscle pump move lymph towards the heart?

A

fores lymph to move up towards the junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins

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11
Q

How do the valves in lymphatic vessels move lymph towards the heart?

A

lymph drains into venous blood via R & L lymphatic ducts

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12
Q

How do lymphatic vessels differ from veins?

A
  1. lymph capillaries have greater permeability and can absorb larger molec
  2. one-way structure allows fluid to flow in and not out
  3. larger diameter, thinner walls, more valves
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13
Q

Where does hemopoiesis take place during fetal development?

A

blood cells in yolk sac; liver, spleen, lymph nodes

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14
Q

Where does hemopoiesis take place in the adult?

A

bone marrow (mainly in pelvis, cranium, vertebrae, sternum)

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15
Q

What does immunocompetent mean?

A

capable of producing an immune response

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16
Q

What is positive selection?

A

only T-cells that can react are chosen to survive

non-functional T-cells are deleted

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17
Q

What is negative selection?

A

T-cells that react against antigens in the body are deleted

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18
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A

red bone marrow, thymus

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19
Q

What are secondary lymphatic organs?

A

spleen, lymph nodes, MALT/nodules (mucosal-associated lymphatic tissues)

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20
Q

What is white pulp in the spleen?

A

first step of filtration of blood

- lymphocytes andmacrophages

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21
Q

What is red pulp in the spleen?

A

second step of blood filtration

  • venous sinuses
  • functions in hematopoiesis during fet dev
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22
Q

What comprises of the lymphatic nodules/MALT?

A

includes tonsils, Peyer’s patches in ileum, parts of appendix

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23
Q

What are some characteristics of innate immunity?

A
  • immediate and non-specific response (no memory)

- physical barriers and internal defences

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24
Q

What are the first line of defense in innate immunity?

A

skin and mucous membranes; discourage pathogens and foreign substances from entering body

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25
Q

How does the skin act as a line of defense?

A
  • impermeability and tight fit of cells prevent microbe entry
  • periodic shedding helps remove microbes
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26
Q

How do mucous membranes act as a line of defense?

A
  • mucous traps microbes
  • cilia sweep mucous out (to swallow or sneeze/cough out)
  • acids break down microbes
  • lysozymes are antibacterial agents
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27
Q

What are the 5 second line (internal) of defenses?

A 
antimicrobial substances
NK cells
phagocytes
inflammation
fever
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28
Q

What is the function of antimicrobial substances? Name the 4 main types.

A

interferons, iron-binding proteins, antimicrobial proteins, complement system

29
Q

What are interferons?

A

induce synthesis of antiviral proteins that interfere viral replication

30
Q

What is the complement system?

A

proteins cause cytolysis of microbes, promote phagocytosis, contribute to inflammatioin

31
Q

How do NK cells act as an internal defense?

A

release chem. that form pores in cell membranes and trigger cytolysis

32
Q

What are the 5 characteristic signs of inflammation? fev

A

redness, pain, swelling, heat, loss of function

33
Q

What are the 3 stages of inflammation?

A
  1. vasodilation, increased perm of BV
  2. emigration of phagocytes via extravasation
  3. tissue repair
34
Q

How does fever act as an internal defense?

A

intensifies effects of interferons, speeds up body rxns that aid repair, inhibits growth of some microbes

35
Q

What are the 2 key properties of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. specificity for antigens (particular foreign molec)

2. memory for previously encountered antigens

36
Q

What are antigens?

A

foreign substances that provoke immune responses

37
Q

What is an epitope?

A

small part of an antigen molecule that triggers an immune response

38
Q

What cells or organs are responsible for adaptive immunity?

A

B & T cells

39
Q

What are the 2 branches of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. cell-mediated immunity

2. antibody-mediated imunity

40
Q

Where do B and T cells originate and mature?

A

B - RBM

T - RBM –> thymus

41
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

cell with matching receptor was selected to clone itself

42
Q

What triggers clonal selection?

A

when an epitope binds to a receptor on the surface of a B or T cell; lymphocyte then proliferates and differentiates in response to that antigen

43
Q

What are the cells produced by clonal selection?

A

effector cells or memory cells

44
Q

What are effector cells and how do they function?

A

carry out immune responses that result in the destruction/inactivation of the antigen

45
Q

What are the types of effector cells?

A

active helper T cells
active cytotoxic T ells
plasma cells (B cells)

46
Q

What is the function of memory cells?

A

trigger a quicker rxn if the antigen is encountered again

47
Q

What are the types of memory cells?

A

memory helper T cells
memory cytotoxic T cells
memory B cells

48
Q

Where are adaptive immune responses initiated? (differs as antigens enter different parts of body?

A

enter bloodstream –> trapped as they flow through spleen

penetrate skin –> lymph vessels then lymph nodes

mucous membranes –> trapped by MALT

49
Q

What is the difference between helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells?

A

Helper T - release cytokines to activate other cells of immune system; help activate cytotoxic T & B cells

Cytotoxic T - kill infected body cells

50
Q

What do activated B lymphocytes differentiate into?

A

plasma cells and memory B cells

51
Q

What activates B cells?

A

free antigens and co-stimulation by helper T cells via release of cytokines

52
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

secrete antibodies into blood and lymph

53
Q

What is another word for antibody and what does it comprise of?

A

immunoglobulins; 4 pp chains

54
Q

What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins?

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

55
Q

What is the function of IgG cells and where are they found?

A

protects against bact/viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, neutralizing toxins, and triggering complement system

blood, lymph, intestines

56
Q

Which immunoglobulin crosses the placenta from mother to fetus?

A

IgG

57
Q

What is the function of IgA cells and where are they found?

A

provides localized protection of mucous membranes against bact/viruses

found in sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, breast milk, GI secretions

58
Q

How is IgA related to stress?

A

when stressed, IgA levels decrease and increase susceptibility to infection

59
Q

What is the function of IgM cells and where are they found?

A

activates complement system and causes agglutination and lysis of microbes

found on surface of B cells as antigen receptors

60
Q

After initial exposure to any antigen, which is the first antibody to be secreted by plasma cells?

A

IgM

61
Q

What is the function of IgD cells and where are they found?

A

activation of B cells

found on surface of B cells as antigen receptors

62
Q

What is the function of IgE cells and where are they found?

A

involved in allergic rxns; provides protection against parasitic worms

located on mast cells and basophils

63
Q

What is the difference between active and passive immunity?

A

ACTIVE - person’s immune system actively produces antibodies against an antigen; involves lots of memory cells

PASSIVE - person receives pre-made antibodies (in placenta); no memory cells

64
Q

What are some examples of autoimmune diseases?

A

type I diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis

65
Q

Myasthenia gravis…

A

…antibodies produced against ACh receptors, causing muscle weakness

66
Q

Type I diabetes mellitus…

A

…T cells destroy pancreatic island cells that produce insulin

67
Q

Multiple sclerosis…

A

…T cells destroy myelin sheaths around axons of neurons

68
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis…

A

…inflammatory cells destroy cartilage and synovial membranes

BIOL 1190 (18 decks)

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