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BIOL 1190 > Ch. 4 Tissue Level of Organization > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Tissue Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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2
Q

What are the 3 functions of cell junctions?

A
  1. Anchor cells together ot to extracellular material (adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes)
  2. Fluid-tight seals bt cells (tight junctions)
  3. Channels to allow ions/molec to pass from cell to cell (gap junctions)
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3
Q

Compare and contrast adherens junctions and desmosomes

A

ADHERENS - transmembrane prot attached to microfilaments (cytoskeleton); join epithelial cells tgt

DESMOS - transmembrane prot are attached to intermediate filaments (keratin, cytoskeleton); prevent separation due to stretching

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4
Q

What are hemidesmosomes?

A

Transmembrane prot attached to intermediate filaments; attaches deepest E cells to basal lamina

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5
Q

How do the function of tight junctions relate to its structure?

A

Its function is to prevent passage of substances (including H2O); can be found bt cells lining GI tract, bladder

  • 2 plasma membranes are tightly bound via interlocking membrane prot
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6
Q

How are gap junctions formed?

A

Formed by connexins (channel proteins) to allow cells to communicate

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7
Q

What are the main purposes of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Covers and lines surfaces, provides selective barriers (bt body and env; bt different structures) for movement of material; provides protection from damage; absorbs nutrients
  2. Forms secreting portions of glands
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8
Q

Describe the structure of epithelial tissue

A
  • Closely packed sheets of cells
  • Sit on basement membrane
  • High rate of cell regeneration
  • Has its own nerve supply
  • Avascular; obtains blood supply from blood vessels within C tissues via diffusion
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9
Q

Basic features of epithelial cells

A
  • Microvilli to increase SA in digestive, urinary, and repro tracts
  • Cilia found in resp and repro tracts
  • Apical surface exposed to space or env. inside organ or tube (lumen)
  • Basal surface attaches to underlying E cells or deeper tissues
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10
Q

Types of epithelia

A 
Simple squamous (material exchange)
Stratified squamous (protection)
Simple cuboidal (secretion, absorption)
Stratified cuboidal
Simple columnar (sec, absorp)
Stratified columnar
Pseudostratified columnar (protection)
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11
Q

How does structure of simple squamous E relate to its function?

A
  • single layer of flat cells; thin layer allows for diffusion and filtration
  • diffusion occurs in lungs, filtration in kidneys
  • endothelium lines blood V, endocardium - heart chambers, mesothelium - serous membranes (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)
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12
Q

Stratified squamous E - non-keratinzed

A
  • two or more cell layers; apical cells are flat
  • because it is non-keratinized (keratin is a strong prot!), its purpose isnt strength but still protection
  • lines moist surfaces (mouth, esophagus, vagina)
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13
Q

Stratified squamous E - keratinized

A
  • two or more cell layers; apical cells are flat
  • keratinized –> strength!! as keratin is a tough, fibrous intercellular prot
  • on superficial layer of skin
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14
Q

Simple cuboidal E

A
  • one layer of cube shape cells (nucleus appears round)

- absorption or secretion (lines kidney tubules, thyroid gland)

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15
Q

Stratified cuboidal E

A
  • 2 or more layers; apical cells are cube-shaped

- found in some ducts (sweat gland ducts, male urethra, esophageal gland ducts)

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16
Q

Simple columnar E - nonciliated

A
  • single layer of column-shaped cells (oval nuclei near base of cells)
  • contains microvilli at apical surface and goblet cells
  • absorption and secretion (mucus secretion to lubricate GI, respiratory, repro, urinary systems)
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17
Q

Simple columnar E - ciliated

A
  • cilia on apical surface
  • move fluid, mucus, and foreign particles
  • contain Goblet cells (specialized for producing mucus)
  • lines bronchioles, uterine tubes, paranasal sinuses
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18
Q

Pseudostratified columnar E - nonciliated

A
  • single layer of columnar cells
  • appears layered bc nuclei are at different levels
  • all attached to basement membrane; not all reach apical layer
  • lacks Goblet cells
  • lines epididymis, ducts of larger glands, parts of male urethra
  • absorption and secretion
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19
Q

Pseudostratified columnar E - ciliated

A
  • contains Goblet cells
  • lines airways of upper resp tract
  • removes pathogens, debris, dust
  • secrete mucous; moisten
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20
Q

Stratified columnar E

A
  • apical layer has column-shaped cells
  • lines part of urethra, esophageal and salivary gland ducts
  • protection and secretion
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21
Q

Transitional epithelium (relaxed and stretched states)

A

R - large and round apical cells, looks like strat cub ep

S - looks like strat sq ep

  • lines urinary bladder, portions of ureters + urethra
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22
Q

Glandular epithelium - exocrine

A
  • secretes a product onto free surface of epithelial layer, connected by ducts
    (e. g. Goblet cells secrete mucous, sweat/oil/salivary glands)
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23
Q

Glandular epithelium - endocrine

A
  • secretes hormones into interstitial fluid, bloodstream; no ducts
    (e. g. pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands
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24
Q

Which glands have both exocrine and endocrine tissues?

A

pancreas, ovaries, testes

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25
Q

2 structural classifications of exocrine glands

A
  1. Unicellular glands - Goblet cells

2. Multicellular glands - form distinct microscopic structure, sweat glands, oil glands, salivary glands

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26
Q

3 functional classification of exocrine glands

A
  1. Merocrine: discharge secretory product via exocytosis (e.g. salivary gland)
  2. Aprocrine: accumulate sec products at apical surface; apical portion of cell pinches off; remaining part of cell repairs itself and process repeats (e.g. mammary glands)
  3. Holocrine: cells accumulate products, die + rupture to release products (e.g. sebaceous glands)
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27
Q

What is connective tissue made of?

A
  • Cells scattered in an extra-cellular matrix
  • Matrix composed of protein fibers and ground substance
  • Good nerve and blood supply, except in cartilage and tendons
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28
Q

What are the 2 types of constituent cells?

A
  • blast: immature cells that can divide and produce matrix

- cyte: mature cells that can’t divide or produce matrix; maintain tissue and matrix

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29
Q

What are fibroblasts?

A
  • secrete fibers and ground substance

- large, flat cells

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30
Q

What are macrophages?

A

Immune cells!

  • develop from monocytes (circulate in blood)
  • engulf bact and debris by phagocytosis
31
Q

What are plasma cells?

A
  • develop from B lymphocytes

- produce antibodies that fight against foreign substances

32
Q

What are the 7 constituent cell types in CT?

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Macrophages
  3. Plasma cells
  4. Neutrophils (leukocyte)
  5. Eosinophils (leukocyte)
  6. Mast cells
  7. Adipocytes
33
Q

How do neutrophils and eosinophils differ?

A

N - migrate to sites of bact invasion/infections
E - migrate to sites of parasitic invasion

  • both contain toxic molec, enz
34
Q

Where are mast cells found and what do they produce?

A

Found along blood vessels inc T, produce histamine that dilates small BV

35
Q

What is the function of adipocytes?

A

Fat storage and protection

  • found subcutaneously (underneath skin) and around organs
36
Q

What are the 3 types of fibers in the ECM?

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Reticular fibers
  3. Elastic fibers
37
Q

What is the structure of collagen fibers and where are they found?

A

Strong and flexible; in parallel bundles; bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments

38
Q

How do the structure of reticular fibers relate to its function?

A

Fine bundles of collagen fibers with a coating of glycoprotein allow support for BV and soft organs (e.g. spleen, lymph nodes)

*form part of basement membrane!

39
Q

What is the form of elastic fibers and where are they found?

A

Made of elastin surrounded by fibrillin; form network of fibers; found in lungs, blood, vessels, skin

40
Q

What is the structure & function of ground substance?

A

Fluid, semifluid gelatinous, or calcified material bt cells and fibers; contain water and large combinations of prot and polysach

Supports cells, holds cells tgt, stores water, allow transport of molec and chem rxns

41
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood

42
Q

What are the types of loose CT?

A

areolar, adipose, reticular

43
Q

What are the types of dense CT?

A

regular, irregular, elastic

44
Q

What are the types of cartilage CT?

A

hyaline, fibro, elastic

45
Q

What are areolar CT composed of and what is its function? Where are they found?

A

Fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular), cells (fib, adip, WBC), gelatinous ground substance

Strength, elasticity, support

Found in subcutaneous layer + dermis of skin, around BV, nerves, organs

46
Q

What is the function of adipose CT?

A
  • contains adipocytes, derived from fibroblasts
  • reduce heat loss, energy reserve, supports and protects organs (e.g. endocrine organs)
  • specialized for triglyceride (fat) storage; nucleus & cytoplasm pushed to cell periphery
47
Q

What is the structure and function of reticular CT?

A

Network of reticular fibers + cells that form a framework (stroma) of organs

Ties cells of smooth muscle together and support soft organs (e.g. liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow)

Act as filters in spleen and lymph nodes

48
Q

How do dense CT differ from loose CT in terms of fibers and cells?

A

Dense CT has more numerous, thicker, denser fibers but fewer cells

49
Q

What are dense regular CT composed of and where are they found?

A
  • Collagen fibers in parallel bundles, fibroblasts cells in bt
  • Forms tendons ligaments, provides tensile strength in one direction

**tissue does not heal quickly bc collagen is not living

50
Q

How does dense irregular CT differ from regular CT?

A
  • irregularly arranged, few fibroblasts in bt; often occurs in sheets (fasciae)
  • tissue resists tension from ANY direction
  • found in tough tissues (e.g. membranes surrounding heart, cartilage, bones)
51
Q

What is the structure and function of elastic CT?

A
  • elastic fibers with fibroblasts in bt
  • can stretch and return to original shape; flexibility
  • found in lung tissue, vocal cords, intervertebral ligaments, BV
52
Q

What are distinct properties of cartilage CT?

A
  • dense network of collagen + elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate (rubbery matrix)
  • collagen provides strength; C.S. provides resilience
  • stronger than dense CT
  • only avascular CT; secretes anti-angiogenesis factors
  • surrounded by perichondrium
53
Q

What are cartilage produced by?

A

Chondroblasts; mature cartilage contains chrondrocytes

54
Q

Structure and function of hyaline C?

A
  • Thin, weak collagen fibers
  • many chondrocytes in lacunae (little lakes) surrounded by perichondrium
  • ground substance is a resilient gel
  • reduces friction + absorbs shock at joints
55
Q

Structure and function of fibrocartilage? Where are they found?

A
  • more collagen fibers –> rigidity; strongest type
  • chondrocytes scattered, thick bundles o fibers
  • lacks perichondrium

found in pubic symphysis, menisci of knee

56
Q

Structure and function of elastic C?

A
  • chondrocytes in threadlike network of elastic fibers
  • perichondrium present
  • shape + elasticity (after deformations
  • found in ear, nose, vocal, cartilages, epiglottis
57
Q

What are bone tissue comprised of?

A
  • mineralized/solid ECM
  • hardness due to calcium and phosphate
  • strength due to interwoven collagen fibers
  • lacunae contain osteocytes
  • compact or spongy
58
Q

Describe the blood’s matrix and its function

A
  • liquid matrix (blood plasma) made of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
  • found within BV, heart chambers
  • clotting, immune functions, transport of O2//CO2, nutrients, wastes
59
Q

What are membranes?

A

flat sheets of pliable tissue that line a part of the body

60
Q

How do epithelial and synovial membranes differ?

A

E - epithelial layer + underlying CT layer; mucous, serous, cutaneous

S - no epithelium + contain CT; in joints

61
Q

What do mucous membranes line?

A

body cavities that open directly onto exterior (e.g. digestive, resp, repro, urinary tracts)

62
Q

How are mucous membranes made of and how do they function?

A
  • epithelium underlined with areolar CT + Goblet cells

- G cells secrete mucus onto surface; lubricate/trap pathogens

63
Q

What do serous membranes?

A

body cavities that do not open to exterior (e.g. abdominal, thoracic cavities)

64
Q

What are serous membranes made of?

A

Parietal and visceral layers w serous fluid in bt (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)

Consists of mesothelium (simple sq E) underlined with areolar CT

65
Q

What are cutaneous membranes?

A

Skin !! –> line outside of the body

Consists of dermis and epidermis (keratinized strat squa E)

66
Q

What are the structure and functions of synovial membranes?

A

line movable joints, contain CT but no E

produce synovial fluid to lubricate joints; discontinuous layer of synoviocytes

67
Q

What do muscular tissues comprise of?

A

muscle fibers (myocytes)

each cell contains actin and myosin (which are contractile proteins)

68
Q

What are the 3 types of muscular tissues?

A

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

69
Q

Structure and function of skeletal MT?

A

long, cylindrical, striated fibers (cells) with many peripheral nuclei

  • attached to bones by tendons
  • voluntary contraction/relaxation; conscious control –> motion, posture, heat prod, protection
70
Q

Structure and function of cardiac MT?

A

branched, striated cylinders, with ONE central nucleus

  • forms heart wall; pumps blood to all parts of body
  • involuntary control (under ANS)
71
Q

What are intercalated discs?

A

thickenings of plasma membrane that contain gap junctions and desmosomes

72
Q

Structure and function of smooth muscle?

A

Spindle-shaped cells w single central nucleus, lack striations; cells connect via gap junctions

Involuntary contraction/relaxation

Found in walls of hollow organs (BV, GI tract, bladder)

73
Q

What are the 2 main cell types in nervous tissue and how do they differ?

A
  1. NEURONS - functional, conduct electrical impulses

2. NEUROGLIAL CELLS - supportive cells, insulate axons for faster conduction, nourish + regulate neuronal function

74
Q

Functions of CNS and PNS?

A

Senses stimuli and converts into action potentials; conducts nerve impulses to neurons/muscle fibres/ glands; maintain homeostasis

BIOL 1190 (18 decks)

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