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BIOL 1190 > Ch. 5 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Ch. 5 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Thermoregulation, protection (env, antimicrobial), sensations, vit D synthesis, excretion/absorption

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2
Q

How does the skin perform thermoregulation?

A

lowers body temp via perspiration (heat released with sweat evaporation); vasodilation increases blood flow in dermis

raises temp via vasoconstriction of surface

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3
Q

What type of junctions allow for protection?

A

Tight cell junctions prevent entry of chemicals and bacterial invasion

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4
Q

How does the skin perform antimicrobial protection?

A

sweat contains antibacterial agents

macrophages (1) Langerhans initiate immune responses (2) Dermal macrophages engulf microbes

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5
Q

What kind of receptors does the skin contain?

A

tactile sensations (touch, pressure, vibration, tickling)

thermal sensations

pain

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6
Q

How does the synthesis of Vitamin D work?

A

enz from liver and kidneys modify activated molecule (from UV light) to produce calcitriol (an active form of vit D)

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7
Q

How does the skin absorb drugs?

A

non-polar drugs/molecules administered transcutaneously (patches and creams, e.g. corticosteroid)

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8
Q

What are the 3 main structures of the skin and what tissues do they comprise of?

A

Epidermis - keratinized strat squamous

Dermis - areolar & adipose CT, nervous, muscle

Hypodermis - areolar & adipose; not part of skin

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9
Q

What is the function of keratinocytes? Where are they located?

A

produce keratin; helps protect skin and underlying tissue from heat, microbes, chem and abrasion

contain lamellar granules that release lipids (waterproof sealant)

located in epidermis

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10
Q

What is the purpose of stem cells in the basal layer of the epidermis?

A

divide and differentiate into keratinocytes

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11
Q

What are melanocytes and where are they located?

A

produce melanin and transfer it to keratinocytes via exocytosis; located in basal layer of epidermis

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12
Q

What does melanin do?

A

Contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light, protecting keratinocytes from damage

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13
Q

What do Merkel cells do? (tactile epithelial)

A

make contact with tactile discs, transmit touch sensations

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14
Q

Name the 5 layers of epidermis

A

(stratum)

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

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15
Q

What cells are the stratum basale composed of? What is its function?

A

single row of cuboidal or columnar kcytes; attached by demosomes; attaches to basal lamina by hemidesmosomes

contain stem cells that continually divide + differentiate into kcytes

contain melanocytes

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16
Q

What cells is the stratum spinosum composed of? What is its function?

A

8-10 layers of keratinocytes held tgt by desmosomes; oxygen diffuses from dermis

most metabolically active; kcytes synthesize and fill up with keratin + melanin (from melanocytes)

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17
Q

What is the stratum granulosom composed of? What is its function?

A

3-5 layers of dying cells (undergoing apoptosis); between metabolically and active layers

contain lamellar granules that release lipid=-reach secretions (fill space b t dead sells of stratum G, L, C)

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18
Q

Where is the stratum lucidum present in? What is it composed of?

A

thick skin (fingertips, palms, soles))

3-5 layers of dead cells; contains large amounts of keratin (protection!)

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19
Q

What is the stratum corneum composed of? What is its function?

A

25-30 layers of tightly packed dead cells filled with keratin + surrounded by lipids

serves as barrier to injuries, heat, water, chem, microbes

**continuously shed

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20
Q

How do thin skin and thick skin differ?

A

THIN - covers whole body, lacks stratum lucidum, lacks epid ridges, fewer sweat glands + sensory receptors

THICK - palms + soles, distinct stratum L/C, lacks hair follicles and sebaceous glands (not sweat!)

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21
Q

What is keratinization and when does it occur?

A

replacement of cell contents with keratin; occurs as cells move close to skin surface;

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22
Q

What are the steps in keratinization?

A
  1. stem cells divide to produce kcytes
  2. as they push up towards surface of skin, they fill up with keratin
  3. as they move further from blood supply, they receive less nutrients and eventually die
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23
Q

What are keratinized cells and do they serve any function?

A

dead cells filled with keratin; protection

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24
Q

How is the process of keratinization controlled?

A

by epidermal growth factor (hormone) over ~4 weeks

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25
Q

What is the dermis composed of?

A

collagen and elastic fibers, fibroblasts, macrophages, adipose cells

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26
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

hair follicles, glands, nerves, BV

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27
Q

What are the 2 regions of the dermis?

A

top 20% - papillary

bottom 80% - reticular

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28
Q

What does the papillary region of the dermis contain?

A

capillaries that supply epidermis

receptors for sensations

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29
Q

What is the papillary region of the dermis composed of?

A

areolar CT, thin collagen and fine elastic fibers

30
Q

What is the function of dermal papillae on the dermis?

A

increase SA to provide better adhesion of epidermis to dermis

31
Q

What does the epidermal ridge determine?

A

pattern of fingerprints; conforms to pattern of dermal papillae; increases friction

32
Q

What does the reticular region of the dermis contain?

A

interlacing collagen and elastic fibers (strength + elasticity!)

packed with oil glands, sweat gland ducts, fat, hair follicles

33
Q

What is the reticular region of the dermis composed of?

A

dense irregular CT (strength in all directions!), coarse elastic fibers

34
Q

How do stretch marks occur?

A

dermal tears from extreme stretching

35
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages to UV light exposure?

A

+ : increases melanin production; melanin protects DNA by absorbing UV radiation

  • : can increase cell damage, mutations, cancer
36
Q

In tattoos, how do the pigments show up in the skin?

A

dermal macrophages engulf foreign pigments in dermis

37
Q

How do abrasions and minor burns heal?

A

**not bleeding

  1. basal cells divide and migrate across wound
  2. bcells synthesize basement membrane along the way
  3. bcells differentiate into kcytes and the epidermis regenerates upwards
38
Q

How can scar formation result?

A

when injury extends to the dermis and subcutaneous layer

39
Q

What are the stages of deep wound healing?

A
  1. inflammatory (cleaning and prepping for repair)

2. repair (repair dermis + epidermis; scar tissue is formed)

40
Q

Describe the inflammation phase of deep wound healing

A
  1. injured tissue cells secrete signalling molec
  2. molec dilate blood vessels (vasodilation)
  3. molec attract phagocytes via chemotaxis
  4. phagocytes squeeze out bt blood vessel endothelial cells (extravasation)
  5. phagocytes ingest bacteria/cell debris
  6. platelets form clot which prevents infection spread
41
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

moving towards higher concentration of chemicals

42
Q

Describe the repair phase of deep wound healing

A
  1. blood clot forms
  2. BV reform
  3. fibroblasts synthesize scar tissue
  4. basal cells divide+migrate beneath scab towards each other
  5. epidermis regenerates upwards
  6. scab falls off as regenerating epidermis pushes up
43
Q

What are the 3 common causes of skin cancer?

A

basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanomas

44
Q

How does basal cell carcinoma arise? What is its incidence?

A

arise from cells of stratum basale; 78% of all skin cancers –> benign tumour as it rarely metastasizes

45
Q

How does squamous cell carcinoma occur? What is its incidence?

A

arise from keratinocytes; 20% of all skin cancers –> may or may not met

46
Q

How does malignant melanoma arise?

A

arise from melanocytes; 2% of all skin cancers –> metastasize rapidly/life threatening

47
Q

What should one observe for early detection of skin cancer?

A

ABCDE: asymmetry, border, colour, diameter, expanding

48
Q

What are the risk factors for skin cancers?

A

Lighter skin type, increased sun exposure, family history, older age, immunosuppression

49
Q

What is the difference between terminal hairs and vellus hairs?

A

TERMINAL - long, coarse, heavily pigmented (eyebrows, eyelashes, scalp at birth, axillary + pubic hair)

VELLUS - short, fine, pale that are barely visible to naked eye

50
Q

What are the functions of hair?

A

prevents heat loss, decrease sunburn, touch receptors sense light touch

lashes protect eyes from debris, sweat, dirt

51
Q

Describe the structure of hair

A

each hair is a column of dead, tightly-packed keratinized cells

shaft (above skin) and root (deep into dermis or hypodermis)

52
Q

What do the hair shaft and root consist of?

A

3 layers of cells: medulla (2-3 layers of irregular cells), cortex, cuticle (single layer of flat keratinized cells)

53
Q

What is the hair follicle and what does it consist of?

A

surrounds hair root

consists of 2 layers of cells: internal + external root sheaths and one layer of CT (dermal root sheath)

54
Q

What is a hair bulb?

A

base of each hair follicle and root sheath

55
Q

What are papilla and matrix in the hair responsible for?

A

PAPILLA: contains areolar CT and BV to nourish growing hair

MATRIX: surrounds papilla, germinal layer responsible for hair growth

56
Q

What are parts of hair?

A

root, sheath, follicle, bulb, papilla, matrix

57
Q

Describe the hair growth cycle

A
  1. Growth stage: matrix cells at hair base produce length; cells are keratinizing + differentiating; new cells added to base pushes out root of old hair
  2. Resting stage: matrix cells inactive, follicle atrophies; old hair falls out as growth stage begins again
58
Q

What is a hair root plexus?

A

nerve ending surrounding bulb; detects hair movement

59
Q

What is the arrector pili muscle?

A

smooth muscle in dermis attached to follicle; contracts with cold/emotion

60
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A

oil glands connected to hair follicles in dermis

holocrine glands produce sebum

61
Q

What does sebum contain? What is its function?

A

contains cholesterol, proteins, fats, salts

moisten hairs, waterproofs + softens skin, inhibits bact/fungi growth

62
Q

What causes acne?

A

inflammation of sebaceous glands cause by bact

63
Q

What are the 2 types of sudoriferous glands?

A

both merocrine; released via exocytosis

  1. ECCRINE - duct empties at surface
  2. APPOCRINE - duct opens into hair follicle
64
Q

Where are eccrine glands found? What is their function?

A

found in most areas of skin, especially forehead, palms, soles

regulate body temp via evaporative cooling

65
Q

Where are apocrine glands found?

A

axillary and pubic regions

secretions more viscous; not involved with thermoregulation

66
Q

What are ceruminous glands?

A

modified sebaceous glands that produce waxy secretion in ear canal

ducts open to surface or into sebaceous ducts

67
Q

What is cerumen and its function?

A

earwax containing secretions of oil + wax glands; helps form sticky barrier to hinder entrance of foreign bodies

68
Q

What is the structure of a nail?

A

plate of tightly packed, hard, keratinized epidermal cells

69
Q

What are the parts of a nail?

A
  • nail body (pink bc underlying capillaries)
  • nail root (lunula white due to thickened epithelium)
  • eponychium (cuticle; band of epidermis)
  • nail matrix (germinal layer below nail root)
  • hyponychium (secures nail to fingertip; thickened stratum corneum)
70
Q

What is the function of nails?

A

protects fingertips, weapons!

BIOL 1190 (18 decks)

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