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BIOL 1190 > Ch. 7 - The Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Ch. 7 - The Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 basic types of bones?

A

long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

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2
Q

What are sutures?

A

jointed areas where flat bones come together

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3
Q

What are the 2 major types of bone surface markings?

A
  1. depressions and openings: passageway for soft tissues (BV, nerves) and form joints
  2. processes: outgrowths that are attachments for CT (tendons, ligaments), form joints
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4
Q

What is a fissure?

A

narrow slit bt bones for passage of BV or nerves

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5
Q

What is a foramen?

A

hole for passage of BV, nerves, ligaments

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6
Q

What is a fossa?

A

shallow depression

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7
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

furrow on bone for passage of BV, nerve, tendon

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8
Q

What is a meatus?

A

tube-like opening

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9
Q

What is a condyle? What is an epicondyle?

A

rounded projection with a smooth articular surface; roughened projection on a condyle (for attachment)

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10
Q

What is a facet?

A

smooth, flat, slightly concave articular surface

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11
Q

What is the head? (bone surface marking)

A

head - rounded a. process supported on a neck

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12
Q

What is the difference between a crest and a line?

A

prominent ridge/elongated process; line is long and narrower ridge (less prominent)

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13
Q

What is a spinous process?

A

sharp, slender, projection

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14
Q

What is a trochanter and where is it found?

A

large projection found only on femur

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15
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

variably sized rounded projection

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16
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

variably sized projection with rough, bumpy surface

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17
Q

What does the axial skeleton comprise of?

A

skull bones, auditory ossicles, hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum

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18
Q

What does the appendicular skeleton comprise of?

A

bones of upper & lower limbs, bones forming pectoral and pelvic girdles

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19
Q

What are the 8 cranial bones?

A 
frontal
parietal (2)
temporal (2)
occipital
sphenoid
ethmoid
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20
Q

What does the frontal bone form?

A

frontal squama (forehead), roof of orbits, anterior cranial floor, supraorbital margin (browline), frontal sinus

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21
Q

How does a black eye occur?

A

can result from accumulation of fluid and blood in upper eyelid following a sharp blow to browline

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22
Q

What do the parietal bones form?

A

sides and roof of cranial cavity

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23
Q

What do the temporal bones form?

A

inferior and lateral walls of cranium, part of cranial floor, temporal squama (temples), zygomatic process, external auditory meatus, mastoid process, styloid process, mandibular fossa, articular tubercle

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24
Q

What are the mastoid and styloid processes?

A

M - attachment point for neck muscles

S - attachment point for muscles and ligaments of the tongue

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25
Q

What are specific markings on the occipital bone?

A

foramen magnum (where medulla oblongata connects with spinal cord)

occipital condyles (articulates with atlas)

external occipital protuberance

superior and inferior nuchal lines

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26
Q

What does the sphenoid bone form?

A

parts of floor and walls of orbits; holds all cranial bones together

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27
Q

What does the sphenoid bone comprise of?

A

greater wings, lesser wings, body

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28
Q

What is lateral to the body of the sphenoid bone?

A

pterygoid processes; form posterior part of nasal cavity, provide attachment points for some muscles that move mandible

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29
Q

What is the optic foramina?

A

in sphenoid bone, located inferior to lesser wings and lateral to body; where optic nerve passes

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30
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

hypophyseal fossa, in sella turcica of sphenoid bone

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31
Q

What does the ethmoid bone support and form?

A

major support and component of nasal cavity; forms part of anterior cranial floor and medial wall of orbits

32
Q

What are 4 special surface markings on the ethmoid bone?

A

cribriform plate, crista galli, perpendicular plate, nasal conchae

33
Q

What is the function of the nasal conchae?

A

increase vascular and mucous membrane SA; warms and moistens air; causes air to swirl

34
Q

What are the 3 ossicles?

A

incus, malleus, stapes

35
Q

Which facial bones are paired?

A

nasal, lacrimal, palatine, interior nasal concha, maxillae, zygomatic

36
Q

What are the smallest facial bones? What does it contain?

A

lacrimal; each contain a lacrimal fossa that houses a lacrimal sac

lacrimal sac gathers tears from eyeball and passes them into nasal cavity

37
Q

What is distinct about the interior nasal concha? How does it differ from the other 2 conchae?

A

it is a separate bone; superior and middle conchae are part of ethmoid bone

38
Q

What do the maxillary bones form? What do they contain?

A

upper jawbone; each bone contains large maxillary sinus

39
Q

Which bones articulate with every facial bone except the mandible?

A

maxillary bones

40
Q

What do the zygomatic bones form?

A

cheekbones

41
Q

What forms the zygomatic arch?

A

temporal process of zygomatic bones articulating with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

42
Q

What do alveolar processes hold?

A

upper and lower teeth

43
Q

What is distinct about the mandible? (lower jawbone)

A

largest & strongest facial bone; only moveable skull bone

44
Q

What does the nasal septum comprise of? What does it do?

A

perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone, septal cartilage, vomer; divides nasal cavity into L and R

45
Q

Which bones compose the orbits?

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, zygomatic, maxilla, palatine, lacrimal

46
Q

What are sutures?

A

immobile joint that holds skull bones together

47
Q

What are the 4 main sutures and what do they respectively unite?

A
  1. coronal - frontal and both parietal
  2. squamous - parietal and temporal
  3. sagittal - 2 parietal bones
  4. lambdoid - parietal and occipital
48
Q

Which bones contain sinuses? What are these sinuses lined by?

A

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillae’ mucous membranes

49
Q

What are the functions of paranasal sinuses?

A
  • decrease skull weight
  • resonating chambers for speech
  • increase SA of nasal mucosa
50
Q

What are fontanels?

A

areas where unossified mesenchyme develop into dense irregular CT; fill gaps bt cranial bones

51
Q

What do the soft spots in fontanels allow?

A

allow fetal skull to change shape as it passes through birth canal; rapid growth of brain during infancy

52
Q

How and when do fontanels close?

A

intramembranous ossification by 2 yo

53
Q

What are the 4 major fontanels?

A

anterior, posterior, anterolateral, posterolateral

54
Q

What are the 5 regions of the vertebrae?

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx

55
Q

Which regions of the vertebral column are convex and concave?

A

Convex - cervical, lumbar

Concave - thoracic, sacral

56
Q

What are intervertebral discs made of?

A

fibrocartilagenous ring filled with soft elastic material

  • sup and inf surfaces are hyaline cartilage
57
Q

What are symptoms of a herniated disc?

A
  • shooting, tingling nerve pain
  • loss of sensation
  • affected moving/strength
58
Q

Describe the vertebral body and arch

A

together form the vertebral foramen

body: located anteriorly; below and above interV discs
arch: located posteriorly; consists of pedicles and laminae

59
Q

What does the spinal canal contain?

A

spinal cord, adipose tissue, areolar CT, BV

60
Q

What are the 7 vertebral processes and what do they form?

A

spinous, transverse (2), superior articular process (2), inferior articular process (2)

  • form joints or sites for musc. attachment
61
Q

What are intervertebral joints?

A

2 sup art processes articulate with 2 inf art processes of the superior vertebra; articulate at facets of processes

62
Q

What are some characteristics of cervical vertebrae?

A
  • smaller body
  • 3 foramina (1 vert, 2 transverse); largest vertebral foramina
  • split spinous process
  • thick interV discs
63
Q

What are some characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • larger body; large trans/spin processes
  • 1 vert foramen
  • coastal facets on body to attach to ribs (vertebrocostal joints)
  • thin interV discs
64
Q

What are some characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • strongest and largest vertebrae
  • 1 vert foramen
  • short thick processes; heavy spinous processes; large trans processes
  • thickest interV discs
65
Q

What is the sacrum and some of its features?

A
  • fusion of 5 vertebrae
  • foundation for pelvic girdle
  • continuation of spinal canal
66
Q

Which vertebral curves are formed during fetal development?

A

thoracic and sacral

67
Q

When are the secondary vertebral curves formed?

A

cervical - 4 months when infant raises head

lumbar - 1 year when infants begins to sit up and walk

68
Q

What bones compose the thoracic cage?

A

sternum, ribs, costal cartilages

69
Q

What does the sternum consist of?

A

manubrium, body, xiphoid process

70
Q

What attaches the manubrium and the body?

A

sternal angle

71
Q

What are clavicular notches?

A

located lateral to suprasternal notch (depression on sup surface of manubrium)

  • sternum articulates with clavicles to form sternoclavicular joints
72
Q

Which parts of the sternum articulate with the ribs?

A

manubrium and body

73
Q

What does each rib articulate with?

A

posteriorly with its thoracic vertebrae; head of rib to body of V; tubercle of rib to transverse process

74
Q

C/C true and false ribs

A

T (vertebrosternal ribs) - directly connect to sternum via coastal cartilage (ribs 1-7)

F (vertebrochondral ribs) - costal C attach to sternum indirectly via cartilage of 7th rib (ribs 8-10)

75
Q

What are floating ribs?

A

anterior ends do not attach to sternum

76
Q

What are costal cartilage made of?

A

hyaline C to allow flexibility when breathing

77
Q

What are some features of the ribs?

A
  • body has costal groove containing nerves and BV

- intercostal spaces contain intercostal muscles

BIOL 1190 (18 decks)

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