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BIOL 1190 > Ch. 1 - Intro to the Human Body > Flashcards

Ch. 1 - Intro to the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 levels of organization?

A

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism

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2
Q

What are the 6 basic processes common to all living things?

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Movement
  3. Growth
  4. Responsiveness
  5. Reproduction
  6. Differentiation (change from unspecialized to specialized state)
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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The active maintenance of internal conditions; in spite of of fluctuations of external environment
- regulating bodily processes within a range/set point (e.g. blood pressure, glucose levels, hormone levels, temperature, pH)

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4
Q

What is homeostasis regulated by?

A

Nervous (detects changes and sends nerve impulses) and endocrine (secreting hormones) systems

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5
Q

3 things a feedback system must have in order to maintain homeostasis?

A
  1. Receptors (monitor controlled conditions, sends info to C.C.)
  2. Control centre (determines set point, coordinates response)
  3. Effectors (produces response)
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6
Q

Compare & contrast negative and positive feedback

A

Negative - output reverses original stimulus, bringing system back to homeostasis (e.g. stimulus causing increase in BP)

Positive - output further increases original stimulus (e.g. contractions causing stretching of cervix, release of oxytocin further causes contractions)

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7
Q

Difference between disorder and disease?

A

Disorder is a general term for any change of structure/function; disease is more specific for an illness characterized by recognizable set of signs (observable) and symptoms

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8
Q

What are the 5 body cavities?

A

Cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

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9
Q

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

A

Pleural cavity (space bt layers of pleura surrounding lung)

Pericardial cavity (space bt layers of pericardium surrounding heart)

Mediastinum (contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, large BV)

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10
Q

What does the abdominal cavity contain?

A

Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, most of large intestine

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11
Q

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

Urinary bladder, portion of large I, internal repro organs

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12
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

Thin, double-layered membranes that line body cavity that does not open to exterior

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13
Q

Difference between visceral and parietal layer?

A

Visceral - covers and adheres to viscera (organs within thoracic/abdominopelvic cavities)

Parietal - lines and attaches to wall of cavities

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14
Q

What is serous fluid?

A

Lubricant to reduce friction between layers

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15
Q

What is the serous membrane lining the viscera in the abdominal cavity?

A

Peritoneum

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16
Q

What are retroperitoneal organs?

A

Posterior to peritoneum

Kidneys, ureters, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colons

17
Q

9 abdominopelvic regions

A

R hypochondriac - epigastric region - L hypochondriac
R lumbar - umbilical region - L lumbar
R inguinal - hypogastric region - L inguinal

18
Q

What is radiography? Provide an example of what its best used for.

What is a contrast medium?

A

x-rays pass through body to produce image of interior structures– dense structures (e.g. bones) appear white; hollow structures (e.g. lung) appear black

  • good for examining soft tissues and determining bone density
  • contrast medium are used to make fluid-filled structures appear white (view blood vessels, urinary system, GI tract)
19
Q

What is an MRI scan and what is it most useful for?

A

Radio waves read ion (+ particles w/i atoms) patterns and color-coded image is assembled; produces 2D/3D image of cellular chem

  • cannot be used on patients with metal in their bodies
  • shows fine details for soft tissues; useful for differentiating bt normal and abnormal tissues
  • detects tumours, brain abnormalities, measure blood flow, liver/kidney disorders
  • NOT BONES!
20
Q

What are ultrasounds and Doppler ultrasounds best used for?

A

Produces sonogram via high freq sound waves; safe and noninvasive

  • observe fetus during pregnancy
  • Doppler to observe size, location, actions of organs and blood flow via BV
21
Q

Difference between CT and CCTA scan?

A

CT - x-ray traces arc at multiple angles around a section of body; visualizes in detail soft tissues and organs– best for screening lung & kidney cancers, coronary artery disease

CCTA - iodine-containing contrast medium; traces arc around heart; detect coronary artery blockages, heart structure/function

22
Q

What is PET scan?

A

used to study physiology (e.g. metabolism in the brain)

23
Q

What is an endoscopy?

A

Visual examination of inside of cavities/organs via endoscope

e.g. colonoscopy (interior of colon in large I), arthroscopy (interior of joint)

24
Q

What is radionuclide scanning?

A

Radioactive substance carried by blood to tissue via IV

  • used to study activity of tissue/organ (e.g. looking for malignant tumours)

BIOL 1190 (18 decks)

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