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BIOL 1190 > Ch. 3 - Cellular Level of Organization > Flashcards

Ch. 3 - Cellular Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What makes the plasma membrane a fluid mosaic?

A

Phospholipids - forming flexible bilayer
Protein - embedded in membrane
Carbs - cell identification on surface

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2
Q

How does cholesterol function in the membrane?

A

Embedded in both layers, attached to phospholipid tails

- Regulates fluidity (restrains when warm, promotes when cool)

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3
Q

What are 3 types of proteins of cell membrane?

A

Peripheral (on surface), integral (embedded, amphipathic), transmembrane (subtype of integral, go across)

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4
Q

6 functions of membrane proteins

A
  1. Maintain cell shape
  2. Receptors for signalling molecules
  3. Enzymatic activity
  4. Cell recognition
  5. Intercellular junctions
  6. Transport
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5
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Sugary coat on outer surface of membrane, where carbs are found
- functions in cell recognition and cell singaling

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6
Q

What are glycoproteins and glycolipids?

A

When carbs attach to some proteins and lipids, respectively

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7
Q

Membranes are permeable to what kind of molecules?

A

Small, nonpolar, uncharged

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8
Q

Membranes are impermeable to what kind of molecules?

A

Ions, charged, polar

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9
Q

Passive vs. Active Transport

A

Passive: does not require energy (uses kinetic E), solutes move DOWN conc. gradient, may or may not require membrane prot

Active: requires E, solutes pumped AGAINST conc. gradient, requires membrane prot

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10
Q

Diffusion is the movement of solutes from an area of…

A

high solute conc to an area of low solute conc

each substance moves down conc gradient independently of other solutes

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11
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Movement of water from an area of low [solute] to high [solute]

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12
Q

What is an isotonic solution and where does water move?

A

Equal [solute] to inside of cell

  • same amount of H2O will move in and out; no net movement
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13
Q

What is a hypotonic solution and where does water move?

A

Lower [solute] / higher [water] in solution THAN inside of cell

Water moves inside cell; hemolysis

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14
Q

What is a hypertonic solution and where does water move?

A

Higher [solute] + lower [water] in solution THAN inside of cell

Water moves out of cell; crenation

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15
Q

Structure and function of cytoskeleton?

A

Network of fibres

Established/maintains cells shape, provides strength, locomotion, chrom separation during cell division, intracellular transport of organelles

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16
Q

What is the cytoskeleton comprised of? (3)

A
  1. Microfilaments (made of actin): controls cell shape + movement
  2. Intermediate filaments (made of several fibrous proteins): reinforce cell + anchor certain organelles
  3. Microtubule (hollow tubes made of tubulins): rigidity/shape; anchors organelles; migrates chrom during cell division
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17
Q

What is the structure and function of the centrosome?

A

Pair of centrioles (composed of 9 triplets of microtubules) + pericentriolar matrix

Microtubule organizing centre; organize spindles for chrom migration during cell division

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18
Q

Compare and contrast cilia and flagella

A
  • both are locomotor appendages + made of microtubules

C - movement is perpendicular, many short cilia

F - drives cell forward, one (long) flagellum

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19
Q

Structure and function of ribosomes?

A

Particles of rRNA + protein, composed of large + small subunit (made in nucleolus, assembled in cytoplasm)

Carry out prot synthesis

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20
Q

Compare and contrast rough ER and smooth ER

A

ROUGH - makes membrane + proteins; ribosomes on rough ER make secretory/membrane/organellar prot

SMOOTH - synthesizes lipids, FA, steroids; stores glycogen/calcium; breaks down toxins + drugs

21
Q

Structure and function of Golgi complex

A
  • stacks of membranous sacs

- receive, modify, sort products from ER, package + send them off

22
Q

Structure and function of lysosomes

A

sacs of digestive enzymes budded off Golgi C

  • digests cells food + wastes (hydrolyze prot, fat, polysacch, nucleic acids)
  • proteins pump H+ into lymen from cytosol to maintain pH of 5
23
Q

Function of mitochondria

A
  • sites of cell. resp. + triggering apoptosis
24
Q

How do mitochondria harvest energy?

A

From food and store this energy as ATP

25
Q

Function and components of the nucleus?

A

Genetic control center; directs prot. synthesis

  • separated from cytoplasm by nuclear envelope; nuclear pores regulate entry/exit of material; nucleolus where rRNA is synthesized
26
Q

Describe the steps a protein undergoes from synthesis to secretion

A
  1. Nucleus: transcribe gene to mRNA
  2. Nucleolus: rRNA is synthesized
  3. Rough ER = ribosomes make protein
  4. Packages into TRANSPORT V and bring it to Golgi complex
  5. Golgi packages and sends it off into SECRETORY VESICLE
  6. Fuses via exocytosis and exits cell and fuses into bloodstream
27
Q

Where do transcription and translation respectively occur?

A

Nucleus and cytoplasm

28
Q

What is occurring during transcription?

A

Genetic info encoded in DNA is copied onto an RNA strand using CBP

29
Q

Describe the steps of transcription

A
  1. RNA polymerase binds to promoter
  2. RNA nucleotides are added complementary to DNA strand
  3. RNA polymerase detaches at terminator seq
  4. Introns in pre-mRNA are cut out (RNA splicing)
  5. Exons are put together and form mRNA code for prot
30
Q

What occurs in translation?

A

mRNA strand is read by a ribosome, which then assembles the appropriate a.a. into a protein

31
Q

Describes the steps of translation

A
  1. initiator tRNA attaches to start codon AUG (methionine)
  2. large and small ribosomal units join to form a functional ribosome and initiator tRNA fits into P site
  3. anticodon of incoming tRNA pairs with next mRNA codon at A site
  4. a.a. on tRNA at P site forms a peptide bond with a.a. at A site
  5. 2-peptide prot becomes attached to tRNA at A site
  6. ribosome shifts by one codon (i.e. tRNA at P-site moves to E site and released from ribosome; tRNA at A site now moves to P site
  7. prot. synthesis stops when the ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA
32
Q

In reproductive cell division, what are the chromosome number in the parent and daughter cells?

A

PARENT - 46 chrom/23 pairs of homologous chrom (diploid)

DAUGHTER - 23 chromosomes (haploid)

33
Q

What occurs in each phase of interphase?

A

G1 - organelles are duplicated, centrosome rep begins

S - DNA replicates to produce 2 copies of each chromosome (46 undup chrom to 46 dup chrom)

G2 - cell growth continues, centrosome rep completed

34
Q

What happens in prophase and how many chromosomes are present?

A
  • chromatin condense into visible chrom
  • nucleolus disappears, nuclear env breaks down

*46 dup chrom

35
Q

What happens in metaphase and where/how many chromosomes are present?

A
  • centromeres line up at metaphase plate (center of mitotic spindle)
  • spindle fibers attach to center of each chrom

**46 dup chrom lined up

36
Q

What occurs during anaphase?

A
  • separation of centromeres
  • movement of 2 sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of cell

**46 x 2 undup chrom each moving to opposite sides

37
Q

What occurs during telophase?

A
  • cleavage furrow appears to separate the cell
  • chrom uncoil and revert to chromatin, nuclear env reforms, cell begins to separate

**after separation, 2 daughter cells with 46 undup chrom

38
Q

What is cytokinesis and when does the process take place?

A

Division of cytoplasm + organelles into 2 daughter cells

Process begins in late anaphase or early telophase with formation of cleavage furrow

39
Q

What does meiosis produce?

A

Production of haploid cells containing 23 chromosomes

40
Q

How does meiosis I differ from meiosis II?

A

I - pairs of homologous chrom to single chrom (chrom # reduced by half)

II - from duplicated chrom to unduplicated chrom (chromatids split)

41
Q

What occurs in prophase I?

A

Chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs to form tetrads

Crossing-over occurs bt non-sister chroms; tetrads exchange gen mat to reate genetic diversity

42
Q

What occurs in metaphase I?

A

Homologous pairs line up along metaphase plate

43
Q

What is happening in anaphase I and telophase I?

A

ANAPHASE - members of each H pair separate, with one of each pair moving to opposite poles of cell

TELOPHASE - similar to T1

44
Q

What is produced after meiosis I?

A

23 duplicated chromosomes in each resulting cell

45
Q

What happens in meiosis II and what does it produce?

A

Similar to mitosis phases; 23 unduplicated chromosomes are produced

46
Q

What are possible outcomes of a protein’s trafficking in cell, and its corresponding vesicles?

A
  1. Transport vesicles bring it from RIBOSOME to GOLGI
  2. Transfer vesicles pass on protein to secretory/membrane/transport v
  3. a. Secretory vesicles allow it to exit cell via exocytosis
    b. Membrane vesicles allow it to enlarge membrane
    c. Transport from GOLGI to LYSOSOME
47
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

oxidizes a.a. and FA

detoxifies H2O2, alcohol, and other harmful substances

48
Q

What is the function of proteasomes?

A

degrades damaged/faulty proteins by cutting them into peptides

BIOL 1190 (18 decks)

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