Ch. 8 - Memory

Question 1

encoding

Answer 1

the input of information into the memory system (labels/codes it, organizes it with other similar information, connects new concepts to exisiting concepts)

Question 2

automatic processing

Answer 2

encoding of details like time, soace, frequency, and the meaning of words (remembering WHEN you last studied)

Question 3

effortful processing

Answer 3

encoding of details that takes time and effort (WHAT u last studied)

Question 4

types of enconding

Answer 4

semantic, visual, acoustic

Question 5

semantic encoding

Answer 5

encoding of words and their meanings (attatching meaning to information amkes it easier to recall later)

Question 6

visual encoding

Answer 6

encoding of images (concrete (car, dog, book) and abstract (level, truth, value))

Question 7

acoustic encoding

Answer 7

encoding of sounds

Question 8

storage

Answer 8

the creation of permanent record of information

Question 9

sensory memory

Answer 9

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes (stored for a few seconds, if info is not important, it is discarded)

Question 10

short-term memory

Answer 10

a temporary stroage system that processes incoming sensory memory (lasts about 20 seconds)

Question 11

memory consolidation

Answer 11

transfer of short-term memory to long-term memory

Question 12

rehearsal

Answer 12

the conscious repetition of information to be remebered

Question 13

long-term memory

Answer 13

the continous storage of information, has no limit

Question 14

explicit (declarative) memory

Answer 14

memories of facts and events we can consciously remeber and recall/declare (semantic, episodic)

Question 15

semantic explicit memories

Answer 15

knowledge about words, concepts, and language (knowing the president)

Question 16

episodic explicit memories

Answer 16

information about events we have personally expeirenced (remembering 5th birthday party)

Question 17

implicit memory

Answer 17

memories that are not part of our consciousness (formed through behaviors)

Question 18

procedural

Answer 18

stores information about how to do things (how to ride a bike, tie your shoes, drive)

Question 19

retrieval

Answer 19

the act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness (knwoing how to drive, performing job responsibilities)

Question 20

recall

Answer 20

being able to access information without cues (used for an essay test)

Question 21

recognition

Answer 21

being able to identify infromation that you have previously learned after encountering it again (used for a multiple choice test)

Question 22

relearning

Answer 22

learning information that you previously learned (relearning spanish after forgetting it may not take long)

Question 23

parts of the brain involved in memory

Answer 23

amygdala, hippocampus, cerebellum, prefrontal cortex

Question 24

amygdala

Answer 24

-involved in fear and fear memories (memory storage is influenced by stress hormones)
-processes emotional information important in encoding memories at a deeper level and memory consolidation

Question 25

hippocampus

Answer 25

-associated with explicit memory, recognition memory, and spatial memory -projects information to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connect them with other memories -involved in memory consolidation

Question 26

cerebellum

Answer 26

-plays a role in processing procedrual memories, such as how to play the piano and classical conditioning - damage prevents classical conditioning such as an eye-blink in response to a puff of air

Question 27

prefrontal cortex

Answer 27

- involved in remembering semantic tasks - PET scan shows activation i the left inferior prefrontal coretex when completing tasks - encoding associated with left frontal activity - retrieval of info associated with right frontal region

Question 28

flashbulb memory

Answer 28

a record of an atypical and unusal event that has very strong emotional associations (depends on cultural reference and personal investment)

Question 29

retrograde amnesia

Answer 29

loss of memory (partical or complete) for events that occured prior to the trauma

Question 30

anterograde amnesia

Answer 30

inability to remember new information after point of trauma (caused by brain trama, hippocampus)

Question 31

infantile amnesia

Answer 31

inability to recollect early episodic memories

Question 32

self-referencing effect

Answer 32

people's tendency to better remember info when that info has been linked to the self than when it has not been linked to the self

Question 33

Schacter's 7 sins of memory

Answer 33

transience, absentmindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence

Question 34

transience

Answer 34

accessibility of memory decreeases over time (memory chanes slightly every time its remembered)

Question 35

absentmindedness

Answer 35

forgetting caused by lapses in attention (misplaces your keys)

Question 36

blocking

Answer 36

accessibility of information is temporarily blocked (tip-of-the-tongue)

Question 37

misattribution

Answer 37

source of memory is confused (telling someone about something when they informed you in the first place)

Question 38

suggestibility

Answer 38

false memories (memory changes due to leading question)

Question 39

bias

Answer 39

memories distorted by current belief system (when personal feelings about a situation change the memory)

Question 40

persistence

Answer 40

inability to forget undesirable memories (remembering embarassing or hurtful moments)

Question 41

Loftus Study results

Answer 41

when asked leading questioned about an event, the memory of the event may be altered

Question 42

Ebbinghaus's study results

Answer 42

studied the process of memorization shows how quickly memory for new information decays (50% after 20 mins, 70% after 24 hours)

Question 43

stereotypical bias

Answer 43

involves racial and gender biases

Question 44

egocentric bias

Answer 44

involves enchacing our memories of the past

Question 45

hindsight bias

Answer 45

the tendency to think an outcome was inevitable after the fact

Question 46

proactive interference

Answer 46

old information hinders recall of new information (learn locker combo ---> memory of old locker interfers with new locker combo)

Question 47

retroactive interference

Answer 47

new information hinders recall of old information (learn new email --> interfers with recall of old email)

Question 48

chunking

Answer 48

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

Question 49

elaborative reheral

Answer 49

technique in which you think about the meaning of new information and its relation to knwledge already stored in your memory

Question 50

mnemonic devices

Answer 50

memory aids that help us organize information for encoding (e.g., ROY G BIV)