Ch. 6 - Learning

Question 1

instincts

Answer 1

behaviors triggered by a broader range of events (e.g., aging, change of seasons)

Question 2

reflexes

Answer 2

motor/neural reactions to a specific stimulus (e.g. babies are born with sucking reflex)

Question 3

classical conditioning (Pavlov)

Answer 3

process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events

Question 4

classical conditioning approach

Answer 4

unconditioned stimulus paired with neutral stimulus –> nuetral stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus –> brings conditioned response

Question 5

classical conditioning timing

Answer 5

stimulus occurs immediately before response

Question 6

operant conditioning approach

Answer 6

target behvaior is followed by the reinforcement or punishment to either stregnthen or weaken it, so that the learner is moe likely to exhibit the desired behavior in the future

Question 7

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Answer 7

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response (food)

Question 8

unconditioned response (UCR)

Answer 8

a natural unlearned reaction to a stimulus (salivation in response to food)

Question 9

neutral stimulus (NS)

Answer 9

stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response (ringing a bell does not cause salivation by itself prior to conditioning)

Question 10

condititoned stimulus (CS)

Answer 10

stimuli that elicit a response after repeatedly being paired with an uncondititoned stimulus

Question 11

conditioned response (CR)

Answer 11

the behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus

Question 12

Pavlov’s experiment

Answer 12

1. Dog saliovates in response to food
2. Dog does not salivate in response to the bell
3. The bell and food are paired
   4.The bell causes salivation

Question 13

higher order conditioning

Answer 13

an establish conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus so that eventually the new stimulus also elicites the conditioned response, without the initial conditioned stimulus being presented (second order stimulus)

Question 14

acquistion

Answer 14

the intial period of learning when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

extincition

Answer 15

decrease in the conditioned response when the UCS is no longer presented with the CS

Question 16

spontaneous recovery

Answer 16

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

Question 17

stimulus discrimination

Answer 17

when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

Question 18

stimulus generalization

Answer 18

when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 19

habituation

Answer 19

learning not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

Question 20

Little Albert

Answer 20

conditioned to fear certain stimuli using a loud sound

Question 21

operant conditioning (Skinner)

Answer 21

organisms learn to associae a behavior and its consequences (reinforcement or punishment)

Question 22

positive reinforcement

Answer 22

something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior

Question 23

negative reinforcement

Answer 23

soemthing is removed to increase the likelihood of behvaior (beeping sound will only go away when you put your seatbelt on)

Question 24

positive punishment

Answer 24

something that is added to decrease the lieklihood of a behavior (scolding child for texting during class)

Question 25

negative punishment

Answer 25

something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior (taking away favorite toy when misbehaving)

Question 26

reinforcement vs. punishment

Answer 26

reinforcement increases a behavior
punishment decreases a behvaior

Question 27

The Skinner Box

Answer 27

Skinner placed animals inside an operant conditioning chamber containing a leaver that when pressed causes food to be dispensed as a award

Question 28

Shaping process

Answer 28

1. Reinforce any response that resembles the desired behavior
2. Then reinforce the response that more closely resembles the desired behavior (no longer reinforce previously reinforced response)
3. Then begin to reinforce the response that even more closely resembles the desired behavior
4. Continue to do this until only the desired behavior is reinforced

Question 29

primary reinforcers

Answer 29

those that have innate reinforcing qualities (e.g., food, water, sleep, sex, pleasure)

Question 30

secondary reinforcers

Answer 30

those that have no inherent value (value is learnt and becomes reinforcing when linked with a primary reinforcer)

Question 31

cognitive map

Answer 31

a mental picture of the layout of an environment (e.g. mouse maze where food is placed at the end)

Question 32

latent learning

Answer 32

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is reason to demonstrate it (e.g. child may learn route to school from watching parents but cannot perform until they can drive or ride a bike to school themself)

Question 33

observational learning

Answer 33

learning by watching others and then imitating

Question 34

Social Learning therory

Answer 34

observational learning involved more than just imitation and that internal mental states must be involed

Question 35

Bandura’s Bobo Doll

Answer 35

Children observed adults acting agressively towards doll. Adult is either punished, priased, or ignored for behavior. Children are able to play, depending on the respeonce adult they watched recieved, the child will either repeat the behavior (praise) or not repeat (punished)

Question 36

Prosocial modeling

Answer 36

prompt others to engage in helpful and healthy behaviors (socially acceptable)

Question 37

antisocial modeling

Answer 37

prompts others to engage in violent, aggressive, and unhealthy behaviors(socially unacceptable)