Ch. 7 - Thinking and Intelligence

Question 1

concepts

Answer 1

categories of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories (used to see relationships among different elements of experience)

Question 2

natural concepts

Answer 2

created “naturally” through either direct or indirect experience (concept of snow)

Question 3

artifical concepts

Answer 3

defined by a specific set of characterisitics (properties of geomentric shapes)

Question 4

prototypes

Answer 4

the best example or representation of a concept

Question 5

schema

Answer 5

a mental construct consiting of a collection of related concepts

Question 6

role schema

Answer 6

makes assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave

Question 7

event schema (cognitive script)

Answer 7

a set of routine or automatic behaviors (varies among cultures and countries, dictates behavior, make habits difficult to break)

Question 8

language development (Chomsky)

Answer 8

proposed that the mechanisms underlying language acquistion are biologically determined
- language develops in the absense of formal instruction
- language acquisition follows similar patterms in children from different cultures/backgrounds

Question 9

critical period

Answer 9

proficieny at acquiring language is maximal early in life

Question 10

The Case of Genie

Answer 10

Genie was found at 13 after being raised in neglectful and abusive conditions, unable to speak, with help acquired vocabulary but was not able to learn the grammatical aspect of language

Question 11

trial and error

Answer 11

continue trying different solutuons until problem is solved (restarting phone, turning off WiFi, turning off bluetooth in order to determine why your phone is malfuctioning)

Question 12

algorithm

Answer 12

step-by-step problem-solving formula (instruction manual for installing new software on your computer)

Question 13

heuristic

Answer 13

general problem-solving framework (working backwards; breaking a task into steps)

Question 14

mental sets

Answer 14

persistence in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past (becomes a problem when the way is no longer working)

Question 15

functional fixedness

Answer 15

inability to percieve an object used for something other what it was designed for

Question 16

anchoring bias

Answer 16

tendency to focus on one piece of informtation when making a decision or solving a problem

Question 17

representative bias

Answer 17

tendency to unintentionally stereotype someone or something

Question 18

confirmation bias

Answer 18

tendency to focus on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Question 19

hindsight bias

Answer 19

leads you to belive that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it wasnt

Question 20

availability heuristic

Answer 20

tendency to make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision

Question 21

Wechsler Intelligence Scale

Answer 21

verbal comprehension, visiual spatial, fluid reasoning, working memory, and processing speed

Question 22

IQ Bell Cure

Answer 22

Average IQ score is 100, SD is 15, 82% of the polutation have an IQ score between 85 and 115

Question 23

source of intelligence

Answer 23

how intelligence is influenced, nature or nurture

Question 24

nature perspective

Answer 24

intelligence is inherited from a person’s parents

Question 25

nuture perspective

Answer 25

intelligence is shaped by a child’s developmental environment

Question 26

range of reaction

Answer 26

theory that each person responds to the environment in an unique way based on his or her genetic makeup (reaching full potential depends upon enviroenmental factors)