CH 8: Group Influence

Question 1

What is Social Facilitation?

Answer 1

• The strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others
• Performance increases in the mastered task but decreases in unmastered task

Question 2

What is the relationship between the number of people in a group & their effect from their presence?

Answer 2

-The effect of other’s presence increases with their number

Question 3

What are the key characteristics of Groups?

Answer 3

• Include 2 or more people
• meet for more than a few moments
• Interact & influence on another

Question 4

What plays a role in the fact that our arousal is increased by the presence of others?

Answer 4

-Presence!

Question 5

What is Evaluation Apprehension?

Answer 5

-Concern for how others are evaluating us

Question 6

What are we driven by?

Answer 6

-Distraction

Question 7

What does Distraction cause?

Answer 7

• It creates a conflict between paying attention to others & paying attention to the task which causes arousal
• Also increases our individuation

Question 8

What is the result of Crowding?

Answer 8

-It enhances arousal which facilitates dominant resonses

Question 9

When participants believed others were also clapping & making noise, what did the participants do?

Answer 9

-Make less noise

Question 10

What are the 3 factors that increase arousal in the presence of others?

Answer 10

• Presence
• Evaluation apprehension
• distractions

Question 11

What is Social Loafing?

Answer 11

-The tendency for people to exert less effort when they collaborate on a task

Question 12

What are Free Riders?

Answer 12

-People who benefit greatly from the group but give little in return

Question 13

What do Large Anonymous groups cause?

Answer 13

-They increase the probability of individuation

Question 14

What did Ringleman find in terms of Tug-Or-War efforts?

Answer 14

-The effort of the tug-or-war teams was half the sum of the individual efforts

Question 15

What is the opposite of Deindividuation?

Answer 15

-Self-awareness

Question 16

What 2 factors influence when people lose their sense of self & are more likely to become deindividualized?

Answer 16

• Physical Anonymity

- Group size

Question 17

What factors arouse people in a group and reduce self-consciousness which often leads to individuation?

Answer 17

-Chanting
-Clapping
-Shouting
-Dancing
(all reduce self-consciousness)

Question 18

What factors increase self-awareness which increases the likelihood of deindividuation?

Answer 18

• Cameras
• Nametags
• Mirrors

Question 19

What is Group Polarization?

Answer 19

-The strengthening of the group’s average tendencies

Question 20

What is Risky Shift?

Answer 20

-Making more risky decisions when in a group vs if you were by yourself

Question 21

When would Deindividuation occur?

Answer 21

-When physical anonymity and heightened inhibitions combine and normal inhibitions diminish

Question 22

What did Mascovici and Zavilloni observe in the discussion of french students & their attitudes?

Answer 22

-The discussion enhanced their positive attitude toward the president and negative attitude towards americans = caused group polarization

Question 23

How does Normative Influence describe why group polarization happens?

Answer 23

-Bc it deals with people trying to conform in order to be accepted

Question 24

What does the Informational Influence theory describe?

Answer 24

-Active participation in discussion produces more attitude change than passive listening

Question 25

What is the theory of Social comparison?

Answer 25

-We humans, evaluate our opinions and abilities by comparing them others

Question 26

What type of group are we most persuaded by?

Answer 26

-Reference groups= groups we identify with

Question 27

What is Pluralistic Influence?

Answer 27

-A false impression of what other people are thinking/feeling/responding

Question 28

What factors lead groups to overestimate their might & right=leading to groupthink?

Answer 28

• Illusion of Vulnerability

- Unquestioned belief in group’s morality

Question 29

What is the symptom of groupthink?

Answer 29

• Stereotyped view of opponent= occurs when groups members see others outside the groups as dumb, evil, & weak
• Rationalization

Question 30

True or False: Janis’ evidence for groupthink is retrospective, leading others to question the validity

Answer 30

True bc she just picked the supporting cases

Question 31

What are the suggestions for preventing groupthink?

Answer 31

• Be impartial (treating each fairly/equally)

- Encourage critical evaluation

Question 32

What allows a minority opinion to influence the majority opinion of the group?

Answer 32

• Consistency
• Self-Confidence
• Defection

Question 33

What is the main critique of groupthink research?

Answer 33

-It is retrospective

Question 34

What occurs when the minority of the group demonstrates self-confidence?

Answer 34

-The majority of the group begins to self doubt

Question 35

What is Leadership?

Answer 35

-The process by which individuals mobilize & guides groups

Question 36

What is the Minority Slowness Effect?

Answer 36

-The tendency for people w/ minority views express them less quickly than people w/ the majority

Question 37

What kind of leadership style do social leaders generally have?

Answer 37

-Democratic= welcomes member’s inputs & prevents groupthink

Question 38

When does Groupthink occur?

Answer 38

-When a group doesn’t consider alternative solutions & people choose not to voice disagreements bc they want to maintain group harmony

Question 39

What is Task Leadership?

Answer 39

-It organizes work, sets standards, focuses on goal

Question 40

What is Social Leadership?

Answer 40

-Builds teamwork, mediate conflicts and offers support

Question 41

What is Transformational Leadership?

Answer 41

-Motivates others to identify & commit themselves to the group’s mission

Question 42

What are the characteristics of Transformational leaders?

Answer 42

-Charismatic, energetic, self-confident, extraverts, articulate high standards, inspire others to share their vision, offer personal attention

Question 43

What style for Task leaders use?

Answer 43

-A Directive style that keeps attention & maintains focus on the work