CH 8: Group Influence Flashcards
What is Social Facilitation?
- The strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others
- Performance increases in the mastered task but decreases in unmastered task
What is the relationship between the number of people in a group & their effect from their presence?
-The effect of other’s presence increases with their number
What are the key characteristics of Groups?
- Include 2 or more people
- meet for more than a few moments
- Interact & influence on another
What plays a role in the fact that our arousal is increased by the presence of others?
-Presence!
What is Evaluation Apprehension?
-Concern for how others are evaluating us
What are we driven by?
-Distraction
What does Distraction cause?
- It creates a conflict between paying attention to others & paying attention to the task which causes arousal
- Also increases our individuation
What is the result of Crowding?
-It enhances arousal which facilitates dominant resonses
When participants believed others were also clapping & making noise, what did the participants do?
-Make less noise
What are the 3 factors that increase arousal in the presence of others?
- Presence
- Evaluation apprehension
- distractions
What is Social Loafing?
-The tendency for people to exert less effort when they collaborate on a task
What are Free Riders?
-People who benefit greatly from the group but give little in return
What do Large Anonymous groups cause?
-They increase the probability of individuation
What did Ringleman find in terms of Tug-Or-War efforts?
-The effort of the tug-or-war teams was half the sum of the individual efforts
What is the opposite of Deindividuation?
-Self-awareness
What 2 factors influence when people lose their sense of self & are more likely to become deindividualized?
- Physical Anonymity
- Group size
What factors arouse people in a group and reduce self-consciousness which often leads to individuation?
-Chanting
-Clapping
-Shouting
-Dancing
(all reduce self-consciousness)
What factors increase self-awareness which increases the likelihood of deindividuation?
- Cameras
- Nametags
- Mirrors
What is Group Polarization?
-The strengthening of the group’s average tendencies
What is Risky Shift?
-Making more risky decisions when in a group vs if you were by yourself
When would Deindividuation occur?
-When physical anonymity and heightened inhibitions combine and normal inhibitions diminish
What did Mascovici and Zavilloni observe in the discussion of french students & their attitudes?
-The discussion enhanced their positive attitude toward the president and negative attitude towards americans = caused group polarization
How does Normative Influence describe why group polarization happens?
-Bc it deals with people trying to conform in order to be accepted
What does the Informational Influence theory describe?
-Active participation in discussion produces more attitude change than passive listening
What is the theory of Social comparison?
-We humans, evaluate our opinions and abilities by comparing them others
What type of group are we most persuaded by?
-Reference groups= groups we identify with
What is Pluralistic Influence?
-A false impression of what other people are thinking/feeling/responding
What factors lead groups to overestimate their might & right=leading to groupthink?
- Illusion of Vulnerability
- Unquestioned belief in group’s morality
What is the symptom of groupthink?
- Stereotyped view of opponent= occurs when groups members see others outside the groups as dumb, evil, & weak
- Rationalization
True or False: Janis’ evidence for groupthink is retrospective, leading others to question the validity
True bc she just picked the supporting cases
What are the suggestions for preventing groupthink?
- Be impartial (treating each fairly/equally)
- Encourage critical evaluation
What allows a minority opinion to influence the majority opinion of the group?
- Consistency
- Self-Confidence
- Defection
What is the main critique of groupthink research?
-It is retrospective
What occurs when the minority of the group demonstrates self-confidence?
-The majority of the group begins to self doubt
What is Leadership?
-The process by which individuals mobilize & guides groups
What is the Minority Slowness Effect?
-The tendency for people w/ minority views express them less quickly than people w/ the majority
What kind of leadership style do social leaders generally have?
-Democratic= welcomes member’s inputs & prevents groupthink
When does Groupthink occur?
-When a group doesn’t consider alternative solutions & people choose not to voice disagreements bc they want to maintain group harmony
What is Task Leadership?
-It organizes work, sets standards, focuses on goal
What is Social Leadership?
-Builds teamwork, mediate conflicts and offers support
What is Transformational Leadership?
-Motivates others to identify & commit themselves to the group’s mission
What are the characteristics of Transformational leaders?
-Charismatic, energetic, self-confident, extraverts, articulate high standards, inspire others to share their vision, offer personal attention
What style for Task leaders use?
-A Directive style that keeps attention & maintains focus on the work
