CH 8: Group Influence Flashcards
What is Social Facilitation?
- The strengthening of dominant responses in the presence of others
- Performance increases in the mastered task but decreases in unmastered task
What is the relationship between the number of people in a group & their effect from their presence?
-The effect of other’s presence increases with their number
What are the key characteristics of Groups?
- Include 2 or more people
- meet for more than a few moments
- Interact & influence on another
What plays a role in the fact that our arousal is increased by the presence of others?
-Presence!
What is Evaluation Apprehension?
-Concern for how others are evaluating us
What are we driven by?
-Distraction
What does Distraction cause?
- It creates a conflict between paying attention to others & paying attention to the task which causes arousal
- Also increases our individuation
What is the result of Crowding?
-It enhances arousal which facilitates dominant resonses
When participants believed others were also clapping & making noise, what did the participants do?
-Make less noise
What are the 3 factors that increase arousal in the presence of others?
- Presence
- Evaluation apprehension
- distractions
What is Social Loafing?
-The tendency for people to exert less effort when they collaborate on a task
What are Free Riders?
-People who benefit greatly from the group but give little in return
What do Large Anonymous groups cause?
-They increase the probability of individuation
What did Ringleman find in terms of Tug-Or-War efforts?
-The effort of the tug-or-war teams was half the sum of the individual efforts
What is the opposite of Deindividuation?
-Self-awareness
What 2 factors influence when people lose their sense of self & are more likely to become deindividualized?
- Physical Anonymity
- Group size
What factors arouse people in a group and reduce self-consciousness which often leads to individuation?
-Chanting
-Clapping
-Shouting
-Dancing
(all reduce self-consciousness)
What factors increase self-awareness which increases the likelihood of deindividuation?
- Cameras
- Nametags
- Mirrors
What is Group Polarization?
-The strengthening of the group’s average tendencies
What is Risky Shift?
-Making more risky decisions when in a group vs if you were by yourself
When would Deindividuation occur?
-When physical anonymity and heightened inhibitions combine and normal inhibitions diminish
What did Mascovici and Zavilloni observe in the discussion of french students & their attitudes?
-The discussion enhanced their positive attitude toward the president and negative attitude towards americans = caused group polarization
How does Normative Influence describe why group polarization happens?
-Bc it deals with people trying to conform in order to be accepted
What does the Informational Influence theory describe?
-Active participation in discussion produces more attitude change than passive listening
